食事のせいで、死なないために[食材別編]原注

◎Introduction

*1 Mozaffarian D, Willet WC, Hu FB. The authors reply. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(11):1059.

*2 Bernstein AM, Bloom DE, Rosner BA, Franz M, Willett WC. Relation of food cost to healthfulness of diet among US women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;92(5):1197203.

*3 Atwater WO. Foods: nutritive value and cost. U.S. Department of Agriculture Farmers’ Bulletin. 1894;23:130.

*4 Connell CL, Zoellner JM, Yadrick MK, Chekuri SC, Crook LB, Bogle ML. Energy density, nutrient adequacy, and cost per serving can provide insight into food choices in the lower Mississippi Delta. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2012;44(2):14853.

*5 Lo YT, Chang YH, Wahlqvist ML, Huang HB, Lee MS. Spending on vegetable and fruit consumption could reduce all-cause mortality among older adults. Nutr J. 2012;11:113.

*6 U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Dietary guidelines for Americans, 2010. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2010.

*7 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee. The Report of the Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee on Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2010.

*8 U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Dietary guidelines for Americans, 2005. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2005.

*9 U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Dietary guidelines for Americans, 2010. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2010.

*10 U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Dietary guidelines for Americans, 2010. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2010.

*11 World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research. Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and the Prevention of Cancer: a Global Perspective. Washington, D.C.: AICR, 2007.

*12 Pork Information Gateway. Quick factsthe pork industry at a glance. http://www.porkgateway.org/FileLibrary/PIGLibrary/References/NPB%20Quick%20%20Facts%20book.pdf. Accessed April 7, 2015.

*13 Green D. McDonald’s Corporation v. Steel & Morris [1997] EWHC QB 366.

*14 U.S. Department of Agriculture. Mission statement. http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usda/usdahome?navid=MISSION_STATEMENT. Accessed April 6, 2015.

*15 U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Dietary guidelines for Americans, 2010. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2010.

*16 U.S. Department of Agriculture. Mission statement. http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usda/usdahome?navid=MISSION_STATEMENT. Accessed April 6, 2015.

*17 U.S. Department of Agriculture. Greening Headquarters Update. http://www.moran.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/files/serve?File_id=668d6da1-314c-4647-9f17-25edb67bb2f2. July 23, 2012. Accessed May 20, 2015.

*18 USDA Retracts Meatless Monday Recommendation. http://www.meatlessmonday.com/articles/usda-misses-mark-on-meatless-monday/. July 26, 2012. Accessed April 6, 2015.

*19 Herman J. 2010. Saving U.S. dietary advice from conflicts of interest. Food and Drug Law Journal. 65(20):285316.

*20 Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press, 2003.

*21 Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press, 2003.

*22 U.S. Department of Agriculture. Fat and fatty acid content of selected foods containing trans-fatty acids. ARS Nutrient Data Laboratory. http://www.ars.usda.gov/SP2UserFiles/Place/12354500/Data/Classics/trans_fa.pdf. Accessed April 6, 2015.

*23 Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press, 2003.

*24 Fox M. Report recommends limiting trans-fats in diet. Reuters, July 10, 2002.

*25 Gilroy DJ, Kauffman KW, Hall RA, Huang X, Chu FS. Assessing potential health risks from microcystin toxins in blue-green algae dietary supplements. Environ Health Perspect. 2000;108(5):4359.

*26 Parker-Pope T. Michael Pollan offers 64 ways to eat food. New York Times, January 8, 2010.

*27 Arnold D. British India and the “beriberi problem,” 17981942. Med Hist. 2010;54(3):295314.

*28 Freeman BB, Reimers K. Tomato consumption and health: emerging benefits. Am J Lifestyle Med. 2010;5(2):18291.

*29 Denke MA. Effects of cocoa butter on serum lipids in humans: historical highlights. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994;60(6 Suppl):1014S1016S.

*30 Feingold Association of the United States. Regulations re 36 Colorants Covering 80 Countries. http://www.feingold.org/Research/PDFstudies/List-of-Colorants.pdf. Accessed June 30, 2015.

*31 Galloway D. DIY bacon fat candle. http://lifehacker.com/5929854/diy-bacon-fat-candle. July 28, 2012. Accessed April 10, 2015.

*32 Orlich MJ, Singh PN, Sabaté J, et al. Vegetarian dietary patterns and mortality in Adventist Health Study 2. JAMA Intern Med. 2013;173(13):12308.

*33 Willcox BJ, Willcox DC, Todoriki H, et al. Caloric restriction, the traditional Okinawan diet, and healthy aging: the diet of the world’s longest-lived people and its potential impact on morbidity and life span. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2007;1114:43455.

*34 Kaiser Permanente. The plant-based diet: a healthier way to eat. http://mydoctor.kaiserpermanente.org/ncal/Images/New%20Plant%20Based%20Booklet%201214_tcm28-781815.pdf. 2013. Accessed April 10, 2015.

*35 Campbell TC, Parpia B, Chen J. Diet, lifestyle, and the etiology of coronary artery disease: the Cornell China study. Am J Cardiol. 1998;82(10B):18T21T.

*36 Schane RE, Glantz SA, Ling PM. Social smoking implications for public health, clinical practice, and intervention research. Am J Prev Med. 2009;37(2):12431.

*37 Willard Bishop. Supermarket facts. The future of food retailing, 2014. http://www.fmi.org/research-resources/supermarket-facts. Accessed April 7, 2015.

*38 Vohs KD, Heatherton TF. Self-regulatory failure: a resource-depletion approach. Psychol Sci. 2000;11(3):24954.

*39 Kaiser Permanente. The plant-based diet: a healthier way to eat. http://mydoctor.kaiserpermanente.org/ncal/Images/New%20Plant%20Based%20Booklet%201214_tcm28-781815.pdf. 2013. Accessed April 10, 2015.

*40 Barnard N, Scialli AR, Bertron P, Hurlick D, Edmondset K. Acceptability of a therapeutic lowfat, vegan diet in premenopausal women. J Nutr Educ. 2000;32(6):3149.

*41 Miller KB, Hurst WJ, Payne MJ, et al. Impact of alkalization on the antioxidant and flavanol content of commercial cocoa powders. J Agric Food Chem. 2008;56(18):852733.


◎グレガー博士の〈毎日の12項目〉

*1 Kon SK, Klein A. The value of whole potato in human nutrition. Biochem J. 1928;22(1):25860.

*2 Cheah IK, Halliwell B. Ergothioneine; antioxidant potential, physiological function and role in disease. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2012;1822(5):78493.

*3 United States Supreme Court. Nix v. Hedden, 149 U.S. 304 (1893).

*4 Arkansas Code Title 1, Chapter 4, Section 1-4-115. http://archive.org/stream/govlawarcode012008/govlawarcode012008djvu.txt. Accessed April 8, 2015.


◆1 豆類

*1 World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research. Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and the Prevention of Cancer: a Global Perspective. Washington, D.C.: AICR, 2007.

*2 U.S. Department of Agriculture. National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference Release 27. Basic Report: 16426, Tofu, raw, firm, prepared with calcium sulfate. http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/4995. Accessed April 4, 2015.

*3 Fields of gold. Nature. 2013;497(7447):56.

*4 Bøhn T, Cuhra M, Traavik T, Sanden M, Fagan J, Primicerio R. Compositional differences in soybeans on the market: glyphosate accumulates in Roundup Ready GM soybeans. Food Chem. 2014;153:20715.

*5 Aris A, Leblanc S. Maternal and fetal exposure to pesticides associated to Genetically modified foods in Eastern Townships of Quebec, Canada. Reprod Toxicol. 2011;31(4):52833.

*6 Bøhn T, Cuhra M, Traavik T, Sanden M, Fagan J, Primicerio R. Compositional differences in soybeans on the market: glyphosate accumulates in Roundup Ready GM soybeans. Food Chem. 2014;153:20715.

*7 Marc J, Mulner-Lorillon O, Boulben S, Hureau D, Durand G, Bellé R. Pesticide Roundup provokes cell division dysfunction at the level of CDK1/cyclin B activation. Chem Res Toxicol. 2002;15(3):32631.

*8 Walsh LP, McCormick C, Martin C, Stocco DM. Roundup inhibits steroidogenesis by disrupting steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein expression. Environ Health Perspect. 2000;108(8):76976.

*9 Vaughan E. Men! Save your testicles (and humanity): avoid Roundup® and GMO/GE Roundup Ready® foods. http://www.drvaughan.com/2013/07/men-save-your-testicles-and-humanity.html. July 29,2013. Accessed April 9, 2015.

*10 Romano RM, Romano MA, Bernardi MM, Furtado PV, Oliveira CA. Prepubertal exposure to commercial formulation of the herbicide glyphosate alters testosterone levels and testicular morphology. Arch Toxicol. 2010;84(4):30917.

*11 Richard S, Moslemi S, Sipahutar H, Benachour N, Seralini GE. differential effects of glyphosate and Roundup on human placental cells and aromatase. Environ Health Perspect. 2005;113(6):71620.

*12 De Roos AJ, Blair A, Rusiecki JA, et al. Cancer incidence among glyphosate-exposed pesticide applicators in the Agricultural Health Study. Environ Health Perspect. 2005;113(1):4954.

*13 De Roos AJ, Zahm SH, Cantor KP, et al. Integrative assessment of multiple pesticides as risk factors for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma among men. Occup Environ Med. 2003;60(9):E11.

*14 Garry VF, Harkins ME, Erickson LL, Long-Simpson LK, Holland SE, Burroughs BL. Birth defects, season of conception, and sex of children born to pesticide applicators living in the Red River Valley of Minnesota, USA. Environ Health Perspect. 2002;110 Suppl 3:4419.

*15 Thongprakaisang S, Thiantanawat A, Rangkadilok N, Suriyo T, Satayavivad J. Glyphosate induces human breast cancer cells growth via estrogen receptors. Food Chem Toxicol. 2013;59:12936.

*16 Butler D, Reichhardt T. Long-term effect of GM crops serves up food for thought. Nature. 1999;398(6729):6516.

*17 Smyth S. International considerations of food biotechnology regulatory frameworks. http://regulation.upf.edu/exeter-12-papers/Paper%20260%20-%20Smyth%202012%20-%20International%20Considerations%20of%20Food%20Biotechnology%20Regulatory%20Frameworks.pdf. June 29, 2012. Accessed April 9, 2015.

*18 Kramkowska M, Grzelak T, Czyżewska K. Benefits and risks associated with Genetically modified food products. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2013;20(3):4139.

*19 Murooka Y, Yamshita M. Traditional healthful fermented products of Japan. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol. 2008;35(8):7918.

*20 World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research. Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and the Prevention of Cancer: a Global Perspective. Washington, D.C.: AICR, 2007.

*21 Parkin DM. 7. Cancers attributable to dietary factors in the UK in 2010. IV. Salt. Br J Cancer. 2011;105 Suppl 2:S313.

*22 Lee YY, Derakhshan MH. Environmental and lifestyle risk factors of gastric cancer. Arch Iran Med. 2013;16(6):35865.

*23 González CA, Jakszyn P, Pera G, et al. Meat intake and risk of stomach and esophageal adenocarcinoma within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). J Natl Cancer Inst. 2006;98(5):34554.

*24 Key TJ, Appleby PN, Crowe FL, Bradbury KE, Schmidt JA, Travis RC. Cancer in British vegetarians: updated analyses of 4998 incident cancers in a cohort of 32,491 meat eaters, 8612 fish eaters, 18,298 vegetarians, and 2246 vegans. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014;100 Suppl 1:378S85S.

*25 D’Elia L, Rossi G, Ippolito R, Cappuccio FP, Strazzullo P. Habitual salt intake and risk of gastric cancer: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Clin Nutr. 2012;31(4):48998.

*26 Joossens JV, Hill MJ, Elliott P, et al. Dietary salt, nitrate and stomach cancer mortality in 24 countries. European Cancer Prevention (ECP) and the INTERSALT Cooperative Research Group. Int J Epidemiol. 1996;25(3):494504.

*27 D’Elia L, Rossi G, Ippolito R, Cappuccio FP, Strazzullo P. Habitual salt intake and risk of gastric cancer: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Clin Nutr. 2012;31(4):48998.

*28 D’Elia L, Rossi G, Ippolito R, Cappuccio FP, Strazzullo P. Habitual salt intake and risk of gastric cancer: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Clin Nutr. 2012;31(4):48998.

*29 Ko KP, Park SK, Yang JJ, et al. Intake of soy products and other foods and gastric cancer risk: a prospective study. J Epidemiol. 2013;23(5):33743.

*30 Turati F, Pelucchi C, Guercio V, La Vecchia C, Galeone C. Allium vegetable intake and gastric cancer: a case-control study and meta-analysis. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2015;59(1):1719.

*31 He J, Gu D, Wu X, et al. Effect of soybean protein on blood pressure: a randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 2005;143(1):19.

*32 Rivas M, Garay RP, Escanero JF, Cia P, Cia P, Alda JO. Soy milk lowers blood pressure in men and women with mild to moderate essential hypertension. J Nutr. 2002;132(7):19002.

*33 Kanda A, Hoshiyama Y, Kawaguchi T. Association of lifestyle parameters with the prevention of hypertension in elderly Japanese men and women: a four-year follow-up of normotensive subjects. Asia Pac J Public Health. 1999;11(2):7781.

*34 Jenkins DJ, Wolever TM, Taylor RH, et al. Slow release dietary carbohydrate improves second meal tolerance. Am J Clin Nutr. 1982;35(6):133946.

*35 Ropert A, Cherbut C, Rozé C, et al. Colonic fermentation and proximal gastric tone in humans. Gastroenterology. 1996;111(2):28996.

*36 Mollard RC, Wong CL, Luhovyy BL, Anderson GH. First and second meal effects of pulses on blood glucose, appetite, and food intake at a later meal. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2011;36(5):63442.

*37 Yashin YI, Nemzer BV, Ryzhnev VY, Yashin AY, Chernousova NI, Fedina PA. Creation of a databank for content of antioxidants in food products by an amperometric method. Molecules. 2010;15(10):745066.

*38 Zanovec M, O’Neil CE, Nicklas TA. Comparison of nutrient density and nutrient-to-cost between cooked and canned beans. Food Nutr Sci. 2011;2(2):6673.

*39 Zanovec M, O’Neil CE, Nicklas TA. Comparison of nutrient density and nutrient-to-cost between cooked and canned beans. Food Nutr Sci. 2011;2(2):6673.

*40 Bazzano LA, Thompson AM, Tees MT, Nguyen CH, Winham DM. Non-soy legume consumption lowers cholesterol levels: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2011;21(2):94103.

*41 Anderson JW, Bush HM. Soy protein effects on serum lipoproteins: a quality assessment and meta-analysis of randomized, controlled studies. J Am Coll Nutr. 2011;30(2):7991.

*42 Winham DM, Hutchins AM, Johnston CS. Pinto bean consumption reduces biomarkers for heart disease risk. J Am Coll Nutr. 2007;26(3):2439.

*43 Fuhrman J. Fudgy black bean brownies. The Dr. Oz Show. http://www.doctoroz.com/recipe/fudgy-black-bean-brownies. November 12, 2014. Accessed April 9, 2015.

*44 U.S. Department of Agriculture. Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) of Selected Foods-2007. http://www.orac-info-portal.de/download/ORAC_R2.pdf. November 2007. Accessed April 10, 2015.

*45 Darmadi-Blackberry I, Wahlqvist ML, Kouris-Blazos A, et al. Legumes: the most important dietary predictor of survival in older people of different ethnicities. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2004;13(2):21720.

*46 Darmadi-Blackberry I, Wahlqvist ML, Kouris-Blazos A, et al. Legumes: the most important dietary predictor of survival in older people of different ethnicities. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2004;13(2):21720.

*47 Desrochers N, Brauer PM. Legume promotion in counselling: an e-mail survey of dietitians. Can J Diet Pract Res. 2001;62(4):1938.

*48 Winham DM, Hutchins AM. Perceptions of flatulence from bean consumption among adults in 3 feeding studies. Nutr J. 2011;10:128.

*49 Levitt MD, Lasser RB, Schwartz JS, Bond JH. Studies of a flatulent patient. N Engl J Med. 1976;295(5):2602.

*50 Levitt MD, Furne J, Olsson S. The relation of passage of gas and abdominal bloating to colonic gas production. Ann Intern Med. 1996;124(4):4224.

*51 Price KR, Lewis J, Wyatt GM, Fenwick GR. Flatulence-causes, relation to diet and remedies. Nahrung. 1988;32(6):60926.

*52 Matthews SB, Waud JP, Roberts AG, Campbell AK. Systemic lactose intolerance: a new perspective on an old problem. Postgrad Med J. 2005;81(953):16773.

*53 McEligot AJ, Gilpin EA, Rock CL, et al. High dietary fiber consumption is not associated with gastrointestinal discomfort in a diet intervention trial. J Am Diet Assoc. 2002;102(4):54951.

*54 Price KR, Lewis J, Wyatt GM, Fenwick GR. Flatulence-causes, relation to diet and remedies. Nahrung. 1988;32(6):60926.

*55 Jood S, Mehta U, Singh R, Bhat CM. Effect of processing on flatus producing factors in legumes. J Agric Food Chem. 1985;3:26871.

*56 Savitri A, Bhavanishankar TN, Desikachar HSR. Effect of spices on in vitro gas production by Clostridium perfringens. Food Microbiol. 1986;3:1959.

*57 Di Stefano M, Miceli E, Gotti S, Missanelli A, Mazzocchi S, Corazza GR. The effect of oral alpha-galactosidase on intestinal gas production and gas-related symptoms. Dig Dis Sci. 2007;52(1):7883.

*58 How you can limit your gas production. 12 tips for dealing with flatulence. Harv Health Lett. 2007;32(12):3.

*59 Magee EA, Richardson CJ, Hughes R, Cummings JH. Contribution of dietary protein to sulfide production in the large intestine: an in vitro and a controlled feeding study in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;72(6):148894.

*60 Gorbach SL. Bismuth therapy in gastrointestinal diseases. Gastroenterology. 1990;99(3):86375.

*61 Bouchier IA. Flatulence. Practitioner. 1980;224(1342):3737.

*62 Fardy J, Sullivan S. Gastrointestinal gas. CMAJ. 1988;139(12):113742.


◆2 ベリー類

*1 McCullough ML, Peterson JJ, Patel R, Jacques PF, Shah R, Dwyer JT. Flavonoid intake and cardiovascular disease mortality in a prospective cohort of US adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012;95(2): 45464.

*2 Hernandez-Marin E, Galano A, Martínez A. Cis carotenoids: colorful molecules and free radical quenchers. J Phys Chem B. 2013;117(15):405061.

*3 U.S. Department of Agriculture. Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) of Selected Foods-2007. http://www.orac-info-portal.de/download/ORAC_R2.pdf. November 2007. Accessed April 10, 2015.

*4 Carlsen MH, Halvorsen BL, Holte K, et al. The total antioxidant content of more than 3100 foods, beverages, spices, herbs and supplements used worldwide. Nutr J. 2010;9:3.

*5 Carlsen MH, Halvorsen BL, Holte K, et al. The total antioxidant content of more than 3100 foods, beverages, spices, herbs and supplements used worldwide. Nutr J. 2010;9:3.

*6 Carlsen MH, Halvorsen BL, Holte K, et al. The total antioxidant content of more than 3100 foods, beverages, spices, herbs and supplements used worldwide. Nutr J. 2010;9:3.

*7 Dinstel RR, Cascio J, Koukel S. The antioxidant level of Alaska’s wild berries: high, higher and highest. Int J Circumpolar Health. 2013;72.

*8 Carlsen MH, Halvorsen BL, Holte K, et al. The total antioxidant content of more than 3100 foods, beverages, spices, herbs and supplements used worldwide. Nutr J. 2010;9:3.

*9 Petta S, Marchesini G, Caracausi L, et al. Industrial, not fruit fructose intake is associated with the severity of liver fibrosis in genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C patients. J Hepatol. 2013;59(6):116976.

*10 Madero M, Arriaga JC, Jalal D, et al. The effect of two energy-restricted diets, a low-fructose diet versus a moderate natural fructose diet, on weight loss and metabolic syndrome parameters: a randomized controlled trial. Metab Clin Exp. 2011;60(11):15519.

*11 U.S. Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service. U.S. sugar production. http://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/crops/sugar-sweeteners/background.aspx. November 14, 2014. Accessed April 11, 2015.

*12 Petta S, Marchesini G, Caracausi L, et al. Industrial, not fruit fructose intake is associated with the severity of liver fibrosis in genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C patients. J Hepatol. 2013;59(6): 116976.

*13 Törrönen R, Kolehmainen M, Sarkkinen E, Mykkänen H, Niskanen L. Postprandial glucose, insulin, and free fatty acid responses to sucrose consumed with blackcurrants and lingonberries in healthy women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012;96(3):52733.

*14 Törrönen R, Kolehmainen M, Sarkkinen E, Mykkänen H, Niskanen L. Postprandial glucose, insulin, and free fatty acid responses to sucrose consumed with blackcurrants and lingonberries in healthy women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012;96(3):52733.

*15 Törrönen R, Kolehmainen M, Sarkkinen E, Poutanen K, Mykkänen H, Niskanen L. Berries reduce postprandial insulin responses to wheat and rye breads in healthy women. J Nutr. 2013;143(4):4306.

*16 Törrönen R, Kolehmainen M, Sarkkinen E, Mykkänen H, Niskanen L. Postprandial glucose, insulin, and free fatty acid responses to sucrose consumed with blackcurrants and lingonberries in healthy women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012;96(3):52733.

*17 Manzano S, Williamson G. Polyphenols and phenolic acids from strawberry and apple decrease glucose uptake and transport by human intestinal Caco-2 cells. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2010;54(12):177380.

*18 Sievenpiper JL, Chiavaroli L, de Souza RJ, et al. “Catalytic” doses of fructose may benefit glycaemic control without harming cardiometabolic risk factors: a small meta-analysis of randomised controlled feeding trials. Br J Nutr. 2012;108(3):41823.

*19 Christensen AS, Viggers L, Hasselström K, Gregersen S. Effect of fruit restriction on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetesa randomized trial. Nutr J. 2013;12:29.

*20 Meyer BJ, van der Merwe M, du Plessis DG, de Bruin EJ, Meyer AC. Some physiological effects of a mainly fruit diet in man. S Afr Med J. 1971;45(8):1915.

*21 Meyer BJ, de Bruin EJ, du Plessis DG, van der Merwe M, Meyer AC. Some biochemical effects of a mainly fruit diet in man. S Afr Med J. 1971;45(10):25361.

*22 Jenkins DJ, Kendall CW, Popovich DG, et al. Effect of a very-high-fiber vegetable, fruit, and nut diet on serum lipids and colonic function. Metab Clin Exp. 2001;50(4):494503.

*23 Jenkins DJ, Kendall CW, Popovich DG, et al. Effect of a very-high-fiber vegetable, fruit, and nut diet on serum lipids and colonic function. Metab Clin Exp. 2001;50(4):494503.

*24 Ou B, Bosak KN, Brickner PR, Iezzoni DG, Seymour EM. Processed tart cherry productscomparative phytochemical content, in vitro antioxidant capacity and in vitro anti-inflammatory activity. J Food Sci. 2012;77(5):H10512.

*25 Mullen W, Stewart AJ, Lean ME, Gardner P, Duthie GG, Crozier A. Effect of freezing and storage on the phenolics, ellagitannins, flavonoids, and antioxidant capacity of red raspberries. J Agric Food Chem. 2002;50(18):5197201.

*26 Marques KK, Renfroe MH, Brevard PB, Lee RE, Gloeckner JW. Differences in antioxidant levels of fresh, frozen and freeze-dried strawberries and strawberry jam. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2010;61(8):75969.

*27 Blau LW. Cherry diet control for gout and arthritis. Tex Rep Biol Med. 1950;8(3):30911.

*28 Overman T. Pegloticase: a new treatment for gout. Cleveland Clinic Pharmacotherapy Update. 2011;14(2):13.

*29 Finkelstein Y, Aks SE, Hutson JR, et al. Colchicine poisoning: the dark side of an ancient drug. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2010;48(5):40714.

*30 Fritsch PO, Sidoroff A. Drug-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2000;1(6):34960.

*31 Zhang Y, Chen C, Choi H, et al. Purine-rich foods intake and recurrent gout attacks. Ann Rheum Dis. 2012;71(9):144853.

*32 Kelley DS, Rasooly R, Jacob RA, Kader AA, Mackey BE. Consumption of Bing sweet cherries lowers circulating concentrations of inflammation markers in healthy men and women. J Nutr. 2006;136(4):9816.

*33 Zielinsky P, Busato S. Prenatal effects of maternal consumption of polyphenol-rich foods in late pregnancy upon fetal ductus arteriosus. Birth Defects Res C. 2013;99(4):25674.

*34 Howatson G, Bell PG, Tallent J, Middleton B, McHugh MP, Ellis J. Effect of tart cherry juice (Prunus cerasus) on melatonin levels and enhanced sleep quality. Eur J Nutr. 2012;51(8):90916.

*35 Huang X, Mazza G. Application of LC and LC-MS to the analysis of melatonin and serotonin in edible plants. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2011;51(4):26984.

*36 Carlsen MH, Halvorsen BL, Holte K, et al. The total antioxidant content of more than 3100 foods, beverages, spices, herbs and supplements used worldwide. Nutr J. 2010;9:3.

*37 Beatty S, Murray IJ, Henson DB, Carden D, Koh H, Boulton ME. Macular pigment and risk for age-related macular degeneration in subjects from a Northern European population. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2001;42(2):43946.

*38 Cheng CY, Chung WY, Szeto YT, Benzie IF. Fasting plasma zeaxanthin response to Fructus barbarum L. (wolfberry; Kei Tze) in a food-based human supplementation trial. Br J Nutr. 2005;93(1):12330.

*39 Bucheli P, Vidal K, Shen L, et al. Goji berry effects on macular characteristics and plasma antioxidant levels. Optom Vis Sci. 2011;88(2):25762.

*40 Nakaishi H, Matsumoto H, Tominaga S, Hirayama M. Effects of black currant anthocyanoside intake on dark adaptation and VDT work-induced transient refractive alteration in healthy humans. Altern Med Rev. 2000;5(6):55362.

*41 Wu X, Beecher GR, Holden JM, Haytowitz DB, Gebhardt SE, Prior RL. Concentrations of anthocyanins in common foods in the United States and estimation of normal consumption. J Agric Food Chem. 2006;54(11):406975.

*42 Muth ER, Laurent JM, Jasper P. The effect of bilberry nutritional supplementation on night visual acuity and contrast sensitivity. Altern Med Rev. 2000;5(2):16473.

*43 Rababah TM, Al-Mahasneh MA, Kilani I, et al. Effect of jam processing and storage on total phenolics, antioxidant activity, and anthocyanins of different fruits. J Sci Food Agric. 2011;91(6):1096102.

*44 Marques KK, Renfroe MH, Brevard PB, Lee RE, Gloeckner JW. Differences in antioxidant levels of fresh, frozen and freeze-dried strawberries and strawberry jam. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2010;61(8):75969.

*45 Vivian J. Foraging for edible wild plants: a field guide to wild berries. Mother Earth News, October/November 1999. http://www.motherearthnews.com/organic-gardening/edible-wild-plants.aspx. Accessed April 11, 2015.


◆3 その他の果物

*1 Horton R. GBD 2010: understanding disease, injury, and risk. Lancet. 2012;380(9859):20534.

*2 Murray CJ, Atkinson C, Bhalla K, et al. The state of US health, 19902010: burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors. JAMA. 2013;310(6):591608.

*3 Lim SS, Vos T, Flaxman AD, et al. A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 19902010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 2012;380(9859):222460.

*4 Arranz S, Silván JM, Saura-Calixto F. Nonextractable polyphenols, usually ignored, are the major part of dietary polyphenols: a study on the Spanish diet. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2010;54(11): 164658.

*5 Mullen W, Marks SC, Crozier A. Evaluation of phenolic compounds in commercial fruit juices and fruit drinks. J Agric Food Chem. 2007;55(8):314857.

*6 Muraki I, Imamura F, Manson JE, et al. Fruit consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: results from three prospective longitudinal cohort studies. BMJ. 2013;347:f5001.

*7 Li N, Shi J, Wang K. Profile and antioxidant activity of phenolic extracts from 10 crabapples (Malus wild species). J Agric Food Chem. 2014;62(3):57481.

*8 Vogel RA. Brachial artery ultrasound: a noninvasive tool in the assessment of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. Clin Cardiol. 1999;22(6 Suppl):II349.

*9 Rueda-Clausen CF, Silva FA, Lindarte MA, et al. Olive, soybean and palm oils intake have a similar acute detrimental effect over the endothelial function in healthy young subjects. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2007;17(1):507.

*10 Casas-Agustench P, López-Uriarte P, Ros E, Bulló M, Salas-Salvadó J. Nuts, hypertension and endothelial function. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2011;21 Suppl 1:S2133.

*11 Vogel RA, Corretti MC, Plotnick GD. The postprandial effect of components of the Mediterranean diet on endothelial function. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;36(5):145560.

*12 Carlsen MH, Halvorsen BL, Holte K, et al. The total antioxidant content of more than 3100 foods, beverages, spices, herbs and supplements used worldwide. Nutr J. 2010;9:3.

*13 Cormio L, De Siati M, Lorusso F, et al. Oral L-citrulline supplementation improves erection hardness in men with mild erectile dysfunction. Urology. 2011;77(1):11922.

*14 Rimando AM, Perkins-Veazie PM. Determination of citrulline in watermelon rind. J Chromatogr A. 2005;1078(12):196200.

*15 Pfizer Annual Meeting of Shareholders 2014 Financial Report. http://www.pfizer.com/system/files/presentation/2014_Pfizer_Financial_Report.pdf. Accessed May 16, 2015.

*16 Johnson G. Watermelon board approves officers, bud get, marketing plan. The Packer. http://www.thepacker.com/news/watermelon-board-approves-officers-budget-marketing-plan. February 24, 2015. Accessed May 16, 2015.

*17 Chai SC, Hooshmand S, Saadat RL, Payton ME, Brummel-Smith K, Arjmandi BH. Daily apple versus dried plum: impact on cardiovascular disease risk factors in postmenopausal women. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2012;112(8):115868.

*18 Magee E. A nutritional component to inflammatory bowel disease: the contribution of meat to fecal sulfide excretion. Nutrition. 1999;15(3):2446.

*19 Ananthakrishnan AN, Khalili H, Konijeti GG, et al. A prospective study of long-term intake of dietary fiber and risk of Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology. 2013;145(5):9707.

*20 Lin HH, Tsai PS, Fang SC, Liu JF. Effect of kiwifruit consumption on sleep quality in adults with sleep problems. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2011;20(2):16974.

*21 U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA announces discontinued marketing of GI drug, Zelnorm, for safety reasons. http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/2007/ucm108879.htm. March 30, 2007. Accessed April 11, 2015.

*22 Skinner MA. Gold kiwifruit for immune support and reducing symptoms of cold and influenza. J Food Drug Anal. 2012;20:2614.

*23 Hunter DC, Skinner MA, Wolber FM, et al. Consumption of gold kiwifruit reduces severity and duration of selected upper respiratory tract infection symptoms and increases plasma vitamin C concentration in healthy older adults. Br J Nutr. 2012;108(7):123545.

*24 Orhan F, Karakas T, Cakir M, Aksoy A, Baki A, Gedik Y. Prevalence of immunoglobulin Emediated food allergy in 69-year-old urban schoolchildren in the eastern Black Sea region of Turkey. Clin Exp Allergy. 2009;39(7):102735.

*25 Rancé F, Grandmottet X, Grandjean H. Prevalence and main characteristics of schoolchildren diagnosed with food allergies in France. Clin Exp Allergy. 2005;35(2):16772.

*26 Szeto YT, To TL, Pak SC, Kalle W. A study of DNA protective effect of orange juice supplementation. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2013;38(5):5336.

*27 Slyskova J, Lorenzo Y, Karlsen A, et al. Both Genetic and dietary factors underlie individual differences in DNA damage levels and DNA repair capacity. DNA Repair (Amst). 2014;16:6673.

*28 Szeto YT, Chu WK, Benzie IF. Antioxidants in fruits and vegetables: a study of cellular availability and direct effects on human DNA. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2006;70(10):25515.

*29 Szeto YT, To TL, Pak SC, Kalle W. A study of DNA protective effect of orange juice supplementation. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2013;38(5):5336.

*30 Song JK, Bae JM. Citrus fruit intake and breast cancer risk: a quantitative systematic review. J Breast Cancer. 2013;16(1):726.

*31 Miller JA, Lang JE, Ley M, et al. Human breast tissue disposition and bioactivity of limonene in women with early-stage breast cancer. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2013;6(6):57784.

*32 Lorenzo Y, Azqueta A, Luna L, Bonilla F, Domínguez G, Collins AR. The carotenoid betacryptoxanthin stimulates the repair of DNA oxidation damage in addition to acting as an antioxidant in human cells. Carcinogenesis. 2009;30(2):30814.

*33 Hakim IA, Harris RB, Ritenbaugh C. Citrus peel use is associated with reduced risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. Nutr Cancer. 2000;37(2):1618.

*34 Astley SB, Elliott RM, Archer DB, Southon S. Evidence that dietary supplementation with carotenoids and carotenoid-rich foods modulates the DNA damage: repair balance in human lymphocytes. Br J Nutr. 2004;91(1):6372.

*35 Feskanich D, Willett WC, Hunter DJ, Colditz GA. Dietary intakes of vitamins A, C, and E and risk of melanoma in two cohorts of women. Br J Cancer. 2003;88(9):13817.

*36 Owira PM, Ojewole JA. The grapefruit: an old wine in a new glass? Metabolic and cardiovascular perspectives. Cardiovasc J Afr. 2010;21(5):2805.

*37 Fuhr U, Klittich K, Staib AH. Inhibitory effect of grapefruit juice and its bitter principal, naringenin, on CYP1A2 dependent metabolism of caffeine in man. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1993;35(4):4316.

*38 Ratain MJ, Cohen EE. The value meal: how to save $1,700 per month or more on lapatinib. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(23):33978.

*39 Aziz S, Asokumaran T, Intan G. Penetrating ocular injury by durian fruit. Med J Malaysia. 2009;64(3):2445.

*40 Winokur J. The Traveling Curmudgeon. Seattle: Sasquatch Books, 2003.


◆4 アブラナ科の野菜

*1 Lenzi M, Fimognari C, Hrelia P. Sulforaphane as a promising molecule for fighting cancer. Cancer Treat Res. 2014;159:20723.

*2 Tarozzi A, Angeloni C, Malaguti M, Morroni F, Hrelia S, Hrelia P. Sulforaphane as a potential protective phytochemical against neurodegenerative diseases. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2013;2013:415078.

*3 Liu H, Smith AJ, Lott MC, et al. Sulforaphane can protect lens cells against oxidative stress: implications for cataract prevention. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2013;54(8):523648.

*4 Heber D, Li Z, Garcia-Lloret M, et al. Sulforaphane-rich broccoli sprout extract attenuates nasal allergic response to diesel exhaust particles. Food Funct. 2014;5(1):3541.

*5 Bahadoran Z, Mirmiran P, Azizi F. Potential efficacy of broccoli sprouts as a unique supplement for management of type 2 diabetes and its complications. J Med Food. 2013;16(5):37582.

*6 Matusheski NV, Juvik JA, Jeffery EH. Heating decreases epithiospecifier protein activity and increases sulforaphane formation in broccoli. Phytochemistry. 2004;65(9):127381.

*7 Singh K, Connors SL, Macklin EA, et al. Sulforaphane treatment of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2014;111(43):155505.

*8 Vermeulen M, Klöpping-Ketelaars IW, van den Berg R, Vaes WH. Bioavailability and kinetics of sulforaphane in humans after consumption of cooked versus raw broccoli. J Agric Food Chem. 2008;56(22):105059.

*9 Ferrarini L, Pellegrini N, Mazzeo T, et al. Anti-proliferative activity and chemoprotective effects towards DNA oxidative damage of fresh and cooked Brassicaceae. Br J Nutr. 2012;107(9):132432.

*10 Collins PJ, Horowitz M, Chatterton BE. Proximal, distal and total stomach emptying of a digestible solid meal in normal subjects. Br J Radiol. 1988;61(721):128.

*11 Dosz EB, Jeffery EH. Modifying the processing and handling of frozen broccoli for increased sulforaphane formation. J Food Sci. 2013;78(9):H145963.

*12 Olsen H, Grimmer S, Aaby K, Saha S, Borge GI. Antiproliferative effects of fresh and thermal processed green and red cultivars of curly kale (Brassica oleracea L. convar. acephala var. sabellica). J Agric Food Chem. 2012;60(30):737583.

*13 Dosz EB, Jeffery EH. Commercially produced frozen broccoli lacks the ability to form sulforaphane. Journal of Functional Foods. 2013;(5)2:98790.

*14 Ghawi SK, Methven L, Niranjan K. The potential to intensify sulforaphane formation in cooked broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) using mustard seeds (Sinapis alba). Food Chem. 2013;138(23):173441.

*15 Dosz EB, Jeffery EH. Modifying the processing and handling of frozen broccoli for increased sulforaphane formation. J Food Sci. 2013;78(9):H145963.

*16 U.S. Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service. Cabbageaverage retail price per pound and per cup equivalent, 2013. http://www.ers.usda.gov/datafiles/Fruit_and_Vegetable_Prices/Vegetables/cabbage.xlsx. Accessed May 21, 2015.

*17 U.S. Department of Agriculture. Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) of Selected Foods-2007. http://www.orac-info-portal.de/download/ORAC_R2.pdf. November 2007. Accessed April 10, 2015.

*18 U.S. Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service. Cabbage average retail price per pound and per cup equivalent, 2013. http://www.ers.usda.gov/datafiles/Fruit_and_Vegetable_Prices/Vegetables/cabbage.xlsx. Accessed May 21, 2015.

*19 Gu Y, Guo Q, Zhang L, Chen Z, Han Y, Gu Z. Physiological and biochemical metabolism of germinating broccoli seeds and sprouts. J Agric Food Chem. 2012;60(1):20913.

*20 Clarke JD, Hsu A, Riedl K, et al. Bioavailability and inter-conversion of sulforaphane and erucin in human subjects consuming broccoli sprouts or broccoli supplement in a cross-over study design. Pharmacol Res. 2011;64(5):45663.


◆5 緑色野菜

*1 Kwak CS, Moon SC, Lee MS. Antioxidant, antimutagenic, and antitumor effects of pine needles (Pinus densiflora). Nutr Cancer. 2006;56(2):16271.

*2 Grivetti LE, Corlett JL, Gordon BM, Lockett GT. Food in American history: Part 10. Greens: Part 1. Vegetable greens in a historical context. Nutr Today. 2008;42(2):8894.

*3 Krebs-Smith SM, Guenther PM, Subar AF, Kirkpatrick SI, Dodd KW. Americans do not meet federal dietary recommendations. J Nutr. 2010;140(10):18328.

*4 Walker FB. Myocardial infarction after diet-induced warfarin Resistance. Arch Intern Med. 1984;144(10):208990.

*5 Tamakoshi A, Tamakoshi K, Lin Y, Yagyu K, Kikuchi S. Healthy lifestyle and preventable death: findings from the Japan Collaborative Cohort (JACC) Study. Prev Med. 2009;48(5):48692.

*6 Hung HC, Joshipura KJ, Jiang R, et al. Fruit and vegetable intake and risk of major chronic disease. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2004;96(21):157784.

*7 Joshipura KJ, Hu FB, Manson JE, et al. The effect of fruit and vegetable intake on risk for coronary heart disease. Ann Intern Med. 2001;134(12):110614.

*8 Joshipura KJ, Ascherio A, Manson JE, et al. Fruit and vegetable intake in relation to risk of ischemic stroke. JAMA. 1999;282(13):12339.

*9 Patent publication number EP 1069819 B1. Method for selective increase of the anticarcinogenic glucosinolates in brassica species. http://www.google.com/patents/EP1069819B1?cl=en. July 24, 2002. Accessed April 13, 2015.

*10 Archetti M, Döring TF, Hagen SB, et al. Unravelling the evolution of autumn colours: an interdisciplinary approach. Trends Ecol Evol (Amst). 2009;24(3):16673.

*11 Benaron DA, Cheong WF, Stevenson DK. Tissue optics. Science. 1997;276(5321):20023.

*12 Pietrzak M, Halicka HD, Wieczorek Z, Wieczorek J, Darzynkiewicz Z. Attenuation of acridine mutagen ICR-191DNA interactions and DNA damage by the mutagen interceptor chlorophyllin. Biophys Chem. 2008;135(13):6975.

*13 Jubert C, Mata J, Bench G, et al. Effects of chlorophyll and chlorophyllin on low-dose aflatoxin B(1) pharmacokinetics in human volunteers. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2009;2(12):101522.

*14 Bachem A. Reed CI. The penetration of light through human skin. Am J Physiol. 1931;97:8691.

*15 Xu C, Zhang J, Mihai DM, Washington I. Light-harvesting chlorophyll pigments enable mammalian mitochondria to capture photonic energy and produce ATP. J Cell Sci. 2014;127(Pt 2):38899.

*16 Qu J, Ma L, Zhang J, Jockusch S, Washington I. Dietary chlorophyll metabolites catalyze the photoreduction of plasma ubiquinone. Photochem Photobiol. 2013;89(2):3103.

*17 Olsen H, Grimmer S, Aaby K, Saha S, Borge GI. Antiproliferative effects of fresh and thermal processed green and red cultivars of curly kale (Brassica oleracea L. convar. acephala var. sabellica). J Agric Food Chem. 2012;60(30):737583.

*18 De Nicola GR, Bagatta M, Pagnotta E, et al. Comparison of bioactive phytochemical content and release of isothiocyanates in selected brassica sprouts. Food Chem. 2013;141(1):297303.

*19 Capaldi ED, Privitera GJ. Decreasing dislike for sour and bitter in children and adults. Appetite. 2008;50(1):13945.

*20 Capaldi ED, Privitera GJ. Decreasing dislike for sour and bitter in children and adults. Appetite. 2008;50(1):13945.

*21 SharafiM, Hayes JE, Duffy VB. Masking vegetable bitterness to improve palatability depends on vegetable type and taste phenotype. Chemosens Percept. 2013;6(1):819.

*22 Brown MJ, Ferruzzi MG, Nguyen ML, et al. Carotenoid bioavailability is higher from salads ingested with full-fat than with fat-reduced salad dressings as measured with electrochemical detection. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80(2):396403.

*23 Unlu NZ, Bohn T, Clinton SK, Schwartz SJ. Carotenoid absorption from salad and salsa by humans is enhanced by the addition of avocado or avocado oil. J Nutr. 2005;135(3):4316.

*24 Roodenburg AJ, Leenen R, van het Hof KH, Weststrate JA, Tijburg LB. Amount of fat in the diet affects bioavailability of lutein esters but not of alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, and vitamin E in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;71(5):118793.

*25 Bongoni R, Verkerk R, Steenbekkers B, Dekker M, Stieger M. Evaluation of different cooking conditions on broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) to improve the nutritional value and consumer acceptance. Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 2014;69(3):22834.

*26 Johnston CS, Steplewska I, Long CA, Harris LN, Ryals RH. Examination of the antiglycemic properties of vinegar in healthy adults. Ann Nutr Metab. 2010;56(1):749.

*27 Johnston CS, Gaas CA. Vinegar: medicinal uses and antiglycemic effect. MedGenMed. 2006;8(2):61.

*28 White AM, Johnston CS. Vinegar ingestion at bedtime moderates waking glucose concentrations in adults with well-controlled type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(11):28145.

*29 Johnston CS, White AM, Kent SM. Preliminary evidence that regular vinegar ingestion favorably influences hemoglobin A1c values in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2009;84(2):e157.

*30 Chung CH. Corrosive oesophageal injury following vinegar ingestion. Hong Kong Med J. 2002;8(5):3656.

*31 Lhotta K, Höfle G, Gasser R, Finkenstedt G. Hypokalemia, hyperreninemia and osteoporosis in a patient ingesting large amounts of cider vinegar. Nephron. 1998;80(2):2423.

*32 Wu D, Kimura F, Takashima A, et al. Intake of vinegar beverage is associated with restoration of ovulatory function in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2013;230(1):1723.

*33 Sakakibara S, Murakami R, Takahashi M, et al. Vinegar intake enhances flow-mediated vasodilatation via upregulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2010;74(5):105561.

*34 Kajimoto O, Ohshima Y, Tayama K, Hirata H, Nishimura A, Tsukamoto Y. Hypotensive effects of drinks containing vinegar on high normal blood pressure and mild hypertensive subjects. J Nutr Food. 2003;6:5168.

*35 Takano-Lee M, Edman JD, Mullens BA, Clark JM. Home remedies to control head lice: assessment of home remedies to control the human head louse, Pediculus humanus capitis (Anoplura: Pediculidae). J Pediatr Nurs. 2004;19(6):3938.

*36 Kondo T, Kishi M, Fushimi T, Ugajin S, Kaga T. Vinegar intake reduces body weight, body fat mass, and serum triglyceride levels in obese Japanese subjects. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2009;73(8):183743.

*37 Bergquist SA, Gertsson UE, Knuthsen P, Olsson ME. Flavonoids in baby spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.): changes during plant growth and storage. J Agric Food Chem. 2005;53(24):945964.

*38 Xiao Z, Lester GE, Luo Y, Wang Q. Assessment of vitamin and carotenoid concentrations of emerging food products: edible microgreens. J Agric Food Chem. 2012;60(31):764451.


◆その他の野菜

*1 Murray CJ, Atkinson C, Bhalla K, et al. The state of US health, 19902010: burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors. JAMA. 2013;310(6):591608.

*2 Lim SS, Vos T, Flaxman AD, et al. A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 19902010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 2012;380(9859):222460.

*3 O’Hara JK. The $11 trillion reward: how simple dietary changes can save lives and money, and how we get there. http://www.ucsusa.org/assets/documents/food_and_agriculture/11-trillion-reward.pdf. August 2013. Accessed April 15, 2015.

*4 Murakami A, Ohnishi K. Target molecules of food phytochemicals: food science bound for the next dimension. Food Funct. 2012;3(5):46276.

*5 Watzl B, Bub A, Brandstetter BR, Rechkemmer G. Modulation of human T-lymphocyte functions by the consumption of carotenoid-rich vegetables. Br J Nutr. 1999;82(5):3839.

*6 Willcox JK, Catignani GL, Lazarus S. Tomatoes and cardiovascular health. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2003;43(1):118.

*7 Dutta-Roy AK, Crosbie L, Gordon MJ. Effects of tomato extract on human platelet aggregation in vitro. Platelets. 2001;12(4):21827.

*8 O’Kennedy N, Crosbie L, Whelan S, et al. Effects of tomato extract on platelet function: a double-blinded crossover study in healthy humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;84(3):5619.

*9 O’Kennedy N, Crosbie L, van Lieshout M, Broom JI, Webb DJ, Duttaroy AK. Effects of antiplatelet components of tomato extract on platelet function in vitro and ex vivo: a time-course cannulation study in healthy humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;84(3):5709.

*10 Fuentes E, Forero-Doria O, Carrasco G, et al. Effect of tomato industrial processing on phenolic profile and antiplatelet activity. Molecules. 2013;18(9):1152636.

*11 Nurk E, Refsum H, Drevon CA, et al. Cognitive performance among the elderly in relation to the intake of plant foods. The Hordaland Health Study. Br J Nutr. 2010;104(8):1190201.

*12 Putnam J, Alls house J, Kantor LS. U.S. per capita food supply trends: more calories, refined carbohydrates, and fats. FoodReview. 2002;25:215.

*13 Bhupathiraju SN, Tucker KL. Greater variety in fruit and vegetable intake is associated with lower inflammation in Puerto Rican adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;93(1):3746.

*14 Cooper AJ, Sharp SJ, Lentjes MA, et al. A prospective study of the association between quantity and variety of fruit and vegetable intake and incident type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2012;35(6):1293300.

*15 Lichtenstein AH, Appel LJ, Brands M, et al. Diet and lifestyle recommendations revision 2006: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Nutrition Committee. Circulation. 2006;114(1):8296.

*16 Büchner FL, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Ros MM, et al. Variety in fruit and vegetable consumption and the risk of lung cancer in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2010;19(9):227886.

*17 Dias JS. Nutritional quality and health benefits of vegetables: a review. Food and Nutrition Sciences. 2012;3(10):135474.

*18 Sillanpää S, Salminen J-P, Eeva T. Breeding success and lutein availability in great tit (Parus major). Acta Oecologica. 2009;35(6):80510.

*19 Whitehead RD, Coetzee V, Ozakinci G, Perrett DI. Cross-cultural effects of fruit and vegetable consumption on skin color. Am J Public Health. 2012;102(2):2123.

*20 Stephen ID, Law Smith MJ, Stirrat MR, Perrett DI. Facial skin coloration affects perceived health of human faces. Int J Primatol. 2009;30(6):84557.

*21 Whitehead RD, Re D, Xiao D, Ozakinci G, Perrett DI. You are what you eat: within-subject increases in fruit and vegetable consumption confer beneficial skin-color changes. PLoS ONE. 2012;7(3):e32988.

*22 Whitehead RD, Ozakinci G, Stephen ID, Perrett DI. Appealing to vanity: could potential appearance improvement motivate fruit and vegetable consumption? Am J Public Health. 2012;102(2):20711.

*23 Nagata C, Nakamura K, Wada K, et al. Association of dietary fat, vegetables and antioxidant micronutrients with skin ageing in Japanese women. Br J Nutr. 2010;103(10):14938.

*24 Greens to be gorgeous: Why eating your five fruit and veg a day makes you sexy. Daily Mail. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-1228348/Eating-fruit-veg-makes-attractiveopposite-sex.html. November 17, 2009. Accessed April 14, 2015.

*25 Paul BD, Snyder SH. The unusual amino acid L-ergothioneine is a physiologic cytoprotectant. Cell Death Differ. 2010;17(7):113440.

*26 Paul BD, Snyder SH. The unusual amino acid L-ergothioneine is a physiologic cytoprotectant. Cell Death Differ. 2010;17(7):113440.

*27 Berk L, Castle WB. Observations on the etiologic relationship of achylia gastrica to pernicious anemia; activity of vitamin B12 as food, extrinsic factor. N Engl J Med. 1948;239(24):9113.

*28 Ey J, Schömig E, Taubert D. Dietary sources and antioxidant effects of ergothioneine. J Agric Food Chem. 2007;55(16):646674.

*29 Nguyen TH, Nagasaka R, Ohshima T. Effects of extraction solvents, cooking procedures and storage conditions on the contents of ergothioneine and phenolic compounds and antioxidative capacity of the cultivated mushroom Flammulina velutipes. Int J Food Sci Tech. 2012;47(6):1193205.

*30 Schulzová V, Hajslová J, Peroutka R, Gry J, Andersson HC. influence of storage and house hold processing on the agaritine content of the cultivated Agaricus mushroom. Food Addit Contam. 2002;19(9):85362.

*31 Gry J. Mushrooms traded as food. Vol II sec 2. http://norden.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:733528/FULLTEXT01.pdf. July 18, 2012. Accessed April 15, 2015.

*32 Mitchell SC. Food idiosyncrasies: beetroot and asparagus. Drug Metab Dispos. 2001;29(4 Pt 2):53943.

*33 Donado-Pestana CM, Mastrodi Salgado J, de Oliveira Rios A, dos Santos PR, Jablonski A. Stability of carotenoids, total phenolics and in vitro antioxidant capacity in the thermal processing of orange-fleshed sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas Lam) cultivars grown in Brazil. Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 2012;67(3):26270.

*34 Padda MS, Picha DH. Phenolic composition and antioxidant capacity of different heatprocessed forms of sweetpotato cv. “Beauregard.” Int J Food Sci Tech. 2008;43(8):14049.

*35 Bovell-Benjamin AC. Sweet potato: a review of its past, present, and future role in human nutrition. Adv Food Nutr Res. 2007;52:159.

*36 Center for Science in the Public Interest. 10 best foods. http://www.nutritionaction.com/freedownloads/what-to-eat-10-best-foods/. Accessed April 15, 2015.

*37 Wilson CD, Pace RD, Bromfield E, Jones G, Lu JY. Consumer acceptance of vegetarian sweet potato products intended for space missions. Life Support Biosph Sci. 1998;5(3):33946.

*38 Drewnowski A. New metrics of affordable nutrition: which vegetables provide most nutrients for least cost? J Acad Nutr Diet. 2013;113(9):11827.

*39 Ameny MA, Wilson PW. Relationship between hunter color values and b-carotene contents in white-fleshed African sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas Lam). J Sci Food Agric. 1997;73:3016.

*40 Kaspar KL, Park JS, Brown CR, Mathison BD, Navarre DA, Chew BP. Pigmented potato consumption alters oxidative stress and inflammatory damage in men. J Nutr. 2011;141(1):10811.

*41 Vinson JA, Demkosky CA, Navarre DA, Smyda MA. High-antioxidant potatoes: acute in vivo antioxidant source and hypotensive agent in humans after supplementation to hypertensive subjects. J Agric Food Chem. 2012;60(27):674954.

*42 Carlsen MH, Halvorsen BL, Holte K, et al. The total antioxidant content of more than 3100 foods, beverages, spices, herbs and supplements used worldwide. Nutr J. 2010;9:3.

*43 Vinson JA, Demkosky CA, Navarre DA, Smyda MA. High-antioxidant potatoes: acute in vivo antioxidant source and hypotensive agent in humans after supplementation to hypertensive subjects. J Agric Food Chem. 2012;60(27):674954.

*44 Lim S, Xu J, Kim J, et al. Role of anthocyanin-enriched purple-fleshed sweet potato p40 in colorectal cancer prevention. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2013;57(11):190817.

*45 World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research. Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and the Prevention of Cancer: a Global Perspective. Washington, D.C.: AICR, 2007.

*46 Annema N, Heyworth JS, McNaughton SA, Iacopetta B, Fritschi L. Fruit and vegetable consumption and the risk of proximal colon, distal colon, and rectal cancers in a case-control study in Western Australia. J Am Diet Assoc. 2011;111(10):147990.

*47 Boivin D, Lamy S, Lord-Dufour S, et al. Antiproliferative and antioxidant activities of common vegetables: a comparative study. Food Chem. 2009;112:37480.

*48 Boivin D, Lamy S, Lord-Dufour S, et al. Antiproliferative and antioxidant activities of common vegetables: a comparative study. Food Chem. 2009;112:37480.

*49 Boivin D, Lamy S, Lord-Dufour S, et al. Antiproliferative and antioxidant activities of common vegetables: a comparative study. Food Chem. 2009;112:37480.

*50 Boivin D, Lamy S, Lord-Dufour S, et al. Antiproliferative and antioxidant activities of common vegetables: a comparative study. Food Chem. 2009;112:37480.

*51 Boivin D, Lamy S, Lord-Dufour S, et al. Antiproliferative and antioxidant activities of common vegetables: a comparative study. Food Chem. 2009;112:37480.

*52 Abdull Razis AF, Noor NM. Cruciferous vegetables: dietary phytochemicals for cancer prevention. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2013;14(3):156570.

*53 Nicastro HL, Ross SA, Milner JA. Garlic and onions: their cancer prevention properties. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2015;8(3):1819.

*54 Oude Griep LM, Geleijnse JM, Kromhout D, Ocké MC, Verschuren WM. Raw and processed fruit and vegetable consumption and 10-year coronary heart disease incidence in a populationbased cohort study in the Netherlands. PLoS ONE. 2010;5(10):e13609.

*55 Gliszczyńska-Swigło A, Ciska E, Pawlak-Lemańska K, Chmielewski J, Borkowski T, Tyrakowska B. Changes in the content of health-promoting compounds and antioxidant activity of broccoli after domestic processing. Food Addit Contam. 2006;23(11):108898.

*56 Ghavami A, Coward WA, Bluck LJ. The effect of food preparation on the bioavailability of carotenoids from carrots using intrinsic labelling. Br J Nutr. 2012;107(9):135066.

*57 Garcia AL, Koebnick C, Dagnelie PC, et al. Long-term strict raw food diet is associated with favourable plasma beta-carotene and low plasma lycopene concentrations in Germans. Br J Nutr. 2008;99(6):1293300.

*58 Bohm V, Bitsch R. Intestinal absorption of lycopene from different matrices and interactions to other carotenoids, the lipid status, and the antioxidant capacity of human plasma. Eur J Nutr. 1999;38:11825.

*59 Kahlon TS, Chiu MM, Chapman MH. Steam cooking significantly improves in vitro bile acid binding of collard greens, kale, mustard greens, broccoli, green bell pepper and cabbage. Nutr Res. 2008;28:3517.

*60 Javitt NB, Budai K, Miller DG, Cahan AC, Raju U, Levitz M. Breast-gut connection: origin of chenodeoxycholic acid in breast cyst fluid. Lancet. 1994;343(8898):6335.

*61 Stott-Miller M, Neuhouser ML, Stanford JL. Consumption of deep-fried foods and risk of prostate cancer. Prostate. 2013;73(9):9609.

*62 Chen MJ, Hsu HT, Lin CL, Ju WY. A statistical regression model for the estimation of acrylamide concentrations in French fries for excess lifetime cancer risk assessment. Food Chem Toxicol. 2012;50(10):386776.

*63 Lineback DR, Coughlin JR, Stadler RH. Acrylamide in foods: a review of the science and future considerations. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol. 2012;3:1535.

*64 Jiménez-Monreal AM, García-Diz L, Martínez-Tomé M, Mariscal M, Murcia MA. influence of cooking methods on antioxidant activity of vegetables. J Food Sci. 2009;74(3):H97 H103.

*65 Jiménez-Monreal AM, García-Diz L, Martínez-Tomé M, Mariscal M, Murcia MA. influence of cooking methods on antioxidant activity of vegetables. J Food Sci. 2009;74(3):H97 H103.

*66 Jiménez-Monreal AM, García-Diz L, Martínez-Tomé M, Mariscal M, Murcia MA. influence of cooking methods on antioxidant activity of vegetables. J Food Sci. 2009;74(3):H97 H103.

*67 Barański M, Srednicka-Tober D, Volakakis N, et al. Higher antioxidant and lower cadmium concentrations and lower incidence of pesticide residues in organically grown crops: a systematic literature review and meta-analyses. Br J Nutr. 2014;112(5):794811.

*68 Krol WJ. Removal of trace pesticide residues from produce. Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station. http://www.ct.gov/caes/cwp/view.asp?a=2815&q=376676. June 28, 2012. Accessed April 16, 2015.

*69 Krieger RI, Brutsche-Keiper P, Crosby HR, Krieger AD. Reduction of pesticide residues of fruit using water only or Plus Fit Fruit and Vegetable Wash. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 2003;70(2):2138.

*70 Krol WJ, Arsenault TL, Pylypiw HM, Incorvia Mattina MJ. Reduction of pesticide residues on produce by rinsing. J Agric Food Chem. 2000;48(10):466670.

*71 Wang Z, Huang J, Chen J, Li F. Effectiveness of dishwashing liquids in removing chlorothalonil and chlorpyrifos residues from cherry tomatoes. Chemosphere. 2013;92(8):10228.

*72 Zohair A. Behaviour of some organophosphorus and organochlorine pesticides in potatoes during soaking in different solutions. Food Chem Toxicol. 2001;39(7):7515.

*73 Zhang ZY, Liu XJ, Hong XY. Effects of home preparation on pesticide residues in cabbage. Food Control. 2007;18(12):14847.

*74 Zohair A. Behaviour of some organophosphorus and organochlorine pesticides in potatoes during soaking in different solutions. Food Chem Toxicol. 2001;39(7):7515.

*75 U.S. Department of Agriculture. Organic Agriculture. http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usda/usdahome?contentidonly=true&contentid=organic-agriculture.html. Modified January 9, 2015. Accessed March 30, 2015.

*76 Monette M. The science of pesticide-free potato chips. CMAJ. 2012;184(14):E7412.

*77 Smith-Spangler C, Brandeau ML, Hunter GE, et al. Are organic foods safer or healthier than conventional alternatives?: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med. 2012;157(5):34866.

*78 Barański M, Srednicka-Tober D, Volakakis N, et al. Higher antioxidant and lower cadmium concentrations and lower incidence of pesticide residues in organically grown crops: a systematic literature review and meta-analyses. Br J Nutr. 2014;112(5):794811.

*79 Forman J, Silverstein J. Organic foods: health and environmental advantages and disadvantages. Pediatrics. 2012;130(5):e140615.

*80 Barański M, Srednicka-Tober D, Volakakis N, et al. Higher antioxidant and lower cadmium concentrations and lower incidence of pesticide residues in organically grown crops: a systematic literature review and meta-analyses. Br J Nutr. 2014;112(5):794811.

*81 Lindén A, Andersson K, Oskarsson A. Cadmium in organic and conventional pig production. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 2001;40(3):42531.

*82 Lee WCJ, Shimizu M, Kniffin KM, Wansink B. You taste what you see: do organic labels bias taste perceptions? Food Qual Prefer. 2013;29(1):339.

*83 Williams PR, Hammitt JK. Perceived risks of conventional and organic produce: pesticides, pathogens, and natural toxins. Risk Anal. 2001;21(2):31930.

*84 Hammitt JK. Risk perceptions and food choice: an exploratory analysis of organic-versus conventional-produce buyers. Risk Anal. 1990;10(3):36774.

*85 Reiss R, Johnston J, Tucker K, Desesso JM, Keen CL. Estimation of cancer risks and benefits associated with a potential increased consumption of fruits and vegetables. Food Chem Toxicol. 2012;50(12):44217.

*86 Winter CK. Pesticide residues in imported, organic, and “suspect” fruits and vegetables. J Agric Food Chem. 2012;60(18):44259.


◆7 フラックスシード

*1 Singh KK, Mridula D, Rehal J, Barnwal P. Flaxseed: a potential source of food, feed and fiber. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2011;51(3):21022.

*2 Hyvärinen HK, Pihlava JM, Hiidenhovi JA, Hietaniemi V, Korhonen HJ, Ryhänen EL. Effect of processing and storage on the stability of flaxseed lignan added to bakery products. J Agric Food Chem. 2006;54(1):4853.

*3 Cunnane SC, Hamadeh MJ, Liede AC, Thompson LU, Wolever TM, Jenkins DJ. Nutritional attributes of traditional flaxseed in healthy young adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 1995;61(1):628.

*4 Davidi A, Reynolds J, Njike VY, Ma Y, Doughty K, Katz DL. The effect of the addition of daily fruit and nut bars to diet on weight, and cardiac risk profile, in overweight adults. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2011;24(6):54351.

*5 Chai SC, Hooshmand S, Saadat RL, Payton ME, Brummel-Smith K, Arjmandi BH. Daily apple versus dried plum: impact on cardiovascular disease risk factors in postmenopausal women. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2012;112(8):115868.

*6 Peterson JM, Montgomery S, Haddad E, Kearney L, Tonstad S. Effect of consumption of dried California mission figs on lipid concentrations. Ann Nutr Metab. 2011;58(3):2328.

*7 Chai SC, Hooshmand S, Saadat RL, Payton ME, Brummel-Smith K, Arjmandi BH. Daily apple versus dried plum: impact on cardiovascular disease risk factors in postmenopausal women. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2012;112(8):115868.

*8 Puglisi MJ, Vaishnav U, Shrestha S, et al. Raisins and additional walking have distinct effects on plasma lipids and inflammatory cytokines. Lipids Health Dis. 2008;7:14.

*9 Chai SC, Hooshmand S, Saadat RL, Arjmandi BH. Daily apple consumption promotes cardiovascular health in postmenopausal women. The FASEB Journal. 2011;25:971.10.

*10 Keast DR, O’Neil CE, Jones JM. Dried fruit consumption is associated with improved diet quality and reduced obesity in US adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 19992004. Nutr Res. 2011;31(6):4607.

*11 Edel AL, Rodriguez-Leyva D, Maddaford TG, et al. Dietary flaxseed independently lowers circulating cholesterol and lowers it beyond the effects of cholesterol-lowering medications alone in patients with peripheral artery disease. J Nutr. 2015;145(4):74957.


◆8 ナッツと種子類

*1 Fraser GE, Shavlik DJ. Ten years of life: is it a matter of choice? Arch Intern Med. 2001;161(13):164552.

*2 Lim SS, Vos T, Flaxman AD, et al. A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 19902010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 2012;380(9859):222460.

*3 U.S. Department of Agriculture. Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) of Selected Foods-2007. http://www.orac-info-portal.de/download/ORAC_R2.pdf. November 2007. Accessed April 10, 2015.

*4 Ros E, Mataix J. Fatty acid composition of nutsimplications for cardiovascular health. Br J Nutr. 2006;96 Suppl 2:S2935.

*5 Yang J, Liu RH, Halim L. Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of common edible nut seeds. Food Sci Tech. 2009;42(1):18.

*6 Bao Y, Han J, Hu FB, et al. Association of nut consumption with total and cause-specific mortality. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(21):200111.

*7 Luu HN, Blot WJ, Xiang YB, et al. Prospective evaluation of the association of nut/peanut consumption with total and cause-specific mortality. JAMA Intern Med. 2015;175(5):75566.

*8 Fernández-Montero A, Bes-Rastrollo M, Barrio-López MT, et al. Nut consumption and 5-y all-cause mortality in a Mediterranean cohort: the SUN project. Nutrition. 2014;30(9): 10227.

*9 Estruch R, Ros E, Salas-Salvadó J, et al. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(14):127990.

*10 Supplement to: Estruch R, Ros E, Salas-Salvadó J, et al. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet. N Engl J Med 2013;368:127990. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1200303

*11 Estruch R, Ros E, Salas-Salvadó J, et al. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(14):127990.

*12 Guasch-Ferré M, Bulló M, Martínez-González MA, et al. Frequency of nut consumption and mortality risk in the PREDIMED nutrition intervention trial. BMC Med. 2013;11:164.

*13 Guasch-Ferré M, Hu FB, Martínez-González MA, et al. Olive oil intake and risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality in the PREDIMED Study. BMC Med. 2014;12:78.

*14 Keys A. Olive oil and coronary heart disease. Lancet. 1987;1(8539):9834.

*15 Guasch-Ferré M, Bulló M, Martínez-González MA, et al. Frequency of nut consumption and mortality risk in the PREDIMED nutrition intervention trial. BMC Med. 2013;11:164.

*16 Toner CD. Communicating clinical research to reduce cancer risk through diet: walnuts as a case example. Nutr Res Pract. 2014;8(4):34751.

*17 Li TY, Brennan AM, Wedick NM, Mantzoros C, Rifai N, Hu FB. Regular consumption of nuts is associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease in women with type 2 diabetes. J Nutr. 2009;139(7):13338.

*18 Su X, Tamimi RM, Collins LC, et al. Intake of fiber and nuts during adolescence and incidence of proliferative benign breast disease. Cancer Causes Control. 2010;21(7):103346.

*19 Natoli S, McCoy P. A review of the evidence: nuts and body weight. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16(4):58897.

*20 Martínez-González MA, Bes-Rastrollo M. Nut consumption, weight gain and obesity: Epidemiological evidence. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2011;21 Suppl 1:S405.

*21 Wang X, Li Z, Liu Y, Lv X, Yang W. Effects of pistachios on body weight in Chinese subjects with metabolic syndrome. Nutr J. 2012;11:20.

*22 Paint er, J. The pistachio principle: calorie reduction without calorie restriction. Weight Management Matters. 2008;6:8.

*23 Murakami K, Sasaki S, Takahashi Y, et al. Hardness (difficulty of chewing) of the habitual diet in relation to body mass index and waist circumference in free-living Japanese women aged 1822 y. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;86(1):20613.

*24 McKiernan F, Lokko P, Kuevi A, et al. Effects of peanut processing on body weight and fasting plasma lipids. Br J Nutr. 2010;104(3):41826.

*25 Brennan AM, Sweeney LL, Liu X, Mantzoros CS. Walnut consumption increases satiation but has no effect on insulin Resistance or the metabolic profile over a 4-day period. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2010;18(6):117682.

*26 Mattes RD, Kris-Etherton PM, Foster GD. Impact of peanuts and tree nuts on body weight and healthy weight loss in adults. J Nutr. 2008;138(9):1741S5S.

*27 Tapsell L, Batterham M, Tan SY, Warensjö E. The effect of a calorie controlled diet containing walnuts on substrate oxidation during 8-hours in a room calorimeter. J Am Coll Nutr. 2009;28(5):6117.

*28 Chiurlia E, D’Amico R, Ratti C, Granata AR, Romagnoli R, Modena MG. Subclinical coronary artery atherosclerosis in patients with erectile dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46(8):15036.

*29 Montorsi P, Ravagnani PM, Galli S, et al. The artery size hypothesis: a macrovascular link between erectile dysfunction and coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol. 2005;96(12B):19M23M.

*30 Montorsi P, Montorsi F, Schulman CC. Is erectile dysfunction the “tip of the iceberg” of a systemic vascular disorder? Eur Urol. 2003;44(3):3524.

*31 Montorsi F, Briganti A, Salonia A, et al. Erectile dysfunction prevalence, time of onset and association with risk factors in 300 consecutive patients with acute chest pain and angiographically documented coronary artery disease. Eur Urol. 2003;44(3):3604.

*32 Montorsi P, Ravagnani PM, Galli S, et al. The artery size hypothesis: a macrovascular link between erectile dysfunction and coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol. 2005;96(12B):19M23M.

*33 Meldrum DR, Gambone JC, Morris MA, Meldrum DA, Esposito K, Ignarro LJ. The link between erectile and cardiovascular health: the canary in the coal mine. Am J Cardiol. 2011;108(4):599606.

*34 Corona G, Fagioli G, Mannucci E, et al. Penile doppler ultrasound in patients with erectile dysfunction (ED): role of peak systolic velocity measured in the flaccid state in predicting arteriogenic ED and silent coronary artery disease. J Sex Med. 2008;5(11):262334.

*35 Schwartz BG, Kloner RA. How to save a life during a clinic visit for erectile dysfunction by modifying cardiovascular risk factors. Int J Impot Res. 2009;21(6):32735.

*36 Inman BA, Sauver JL, Jacobson DJ, et al. A population-based, longitudinal study of erectile dysfunction and future coronary artery disease. Mayo Clin Proc. 2009;84(2):10813.

*37 Jackson G. Erectile dysfunction and coronary disease: evaluating the link. Maturitas. 2012;72(3):2634.

*38 Fung MM, Bettencourt R, Barrett-Connor E. Heart disease risk factors predict erectile dysfunction 25 years later: the Rancho Bernardo Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43(8):140511.

*39 Gupta BP, Murad MH, Clifton MM, Prokop L, Nehra A, Kopecky SL. The effect of lifestyle modification and cardiovascular risk factor reduction on erectile dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med. 2011;171(20):1797803.

*40 Jackson G. Problem solved: erectile dysfunction (ED) = early death (ED). Int J Clin Pract. 2010;64(7):8312.

*41 Aldemir M, Okulu E, Neşelioğlu S, Erel O, Kayıgil O. Pistachio diet improves erectile function parameters and serum lipid profiles in patients with erectile dysfunction. Int J Impot Res. 2011;23(1):328.

*42 Esposito K, Ciotola M, Maiorino MI, et al. Hyperlipidemia and sexual function in premenopausal women. J Sex Med. 2009;6(6):1696703.

*43 Baer HJ, Glynn RJ, Hu FB, et al. Risk factors for mortality in the Nurses’ Health Study: a competing risks analysis. Am J Epidemiol. 2011;173(3):31929.

*44 Ros E, Hu FB. Consumption of plant seeds and cardiovascular health: epidemiological and clinical trial evidence. Circulation. 2013;128(5):55365

*45 Strate LL, Liu YL, Syngal S, Aldoori WH, Giovannucci EL. Nut, corn, and popcorn consumption and the incidence of diverticular disease. JAMA. 2008;300(8):90714.


◆9 ハーブとスパイス

*1 Srinivasan K. Antioxidant potential of spices and their active constituents. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2014;54(3):35272.

*2 Carlsen MH, Halvorsen BL, Holte K, et al. The total antioxidant content of more than 3100 foods, beverages, spices, herbs and supplements used worldwide. Nutr J. 2010;9:3.

*3 Tapsell LC, Hemphill I, Cobiac L, et al. Health benefits of herbs and spices: the past, the present, the future. Med J Aust. 2006;185(4 Suppl):S424.

*4 Shishodia S, Sethi G, Aggarwal BB. Curcumin: getting back to the roots. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2005;1056:20617.

*5 Gupta SC, Patchva S, Aggarwal BB. Therapeutic roles of curcumin: lessons learned from clinical trials. AAPS J. 2013;15(1):195218.

*6 Agarwal KA, Tripathi CD, Agarwal BB, Saluja S. Efficacy of turmeric (curcumin) in pain and postoperative fatigue after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a double-blind, randomized placebocontrolled study. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(12):380510.

*7 Chandran B, Goel A. A randomized, pilot study to assess the efficacy and safety of curcumin in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. Phytother Res. 2012;26(11):171925.

*8 Kuptniratsaikul V, Dajpratham P, Taechaarpornkul W, et al. Efficacy and safety of Curcuma domestica extracts compared with ibuprofen in patients with knee osteoarthritis: a multicenter study. Clin Interv Aging. 2014;9:4518.

*9 Khajehdehi P, Zanjaninejad B, Aflaki E, et al. Oral supplementation of turmeric decreases proteinuria, hematuria, and systolic blood pressure in patients suffering from relapsing or refractory lupus nephritis: a randomized and placebo-controlled study. J Ren Nutr. 2012;22(1):507.

*10 Vecchi Brumatti L, Marcuzzi A, Tricarico PM, Zanin V, Girardelli M, Bianco AM. Curcumin and inflammatory bowel disease: potential and limits of innovative treatments. Molecules. 2014;19(12):2112753.

*11 Lang A, Salomon N, Wu JC, et al. Curcumin in combination with mesalamine induces remission in patients with mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis in a randomized controlled trial. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;13(8):144449.e1.

*12 Percival SS, Vanden Heuvel JP, Nieves CJ, Montero C, Migliaccio AJ, Meadors J. Bioavailability of herbs and spices in humans as determined by ex vivo inflammatory suppression and DNA strand breaks. J Am Coll Nutr. 2012;31(4):28894.

*13 Gupta SC, Sung B, Kim JH, Prasad S, Li S, Aggarwal BB. Multitargeting by turmeric, the golden spice: from kitchen to clinic. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2013;57(9):151028.

*14 Siruguri V, Bhat RV. Assessing intake of spices by pattern of spice use, frequency of consumption and portion size of spices consumed from routinely prepared dishes in southern India. Nutr J. 2015;14:7.

*15 Gilani AH, Rahman AU. Trends in ethnopharmacology. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005;100 (12):439.

*16 Newman DJ, Cragg GM. Natural products as sources of new drugs over the last 25 years. J Nat Prod. 2007;70(3):46177.

*17 Atal CK, Dubey RK, Singh J. Biochemical basis of enhanced drug bioavailability by piperine: evidence that piperine is a potent inhibitor of drug metabolism. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1985;232(1):25862.

*18 Shoba G, Joy D, Joseph T, Majeed M, Rajendran R, Srinivas PS. influence of piperine on the pharmacokinetics of curcumin in animals and human volunteers. Planta Med. 1998;64(4): 3536.

*19 Anand P, Kunnumakkara AB, Newman RA, Aggarwal BB. Bioavailability of curcumin: problems and promises. Mol Pharm. 2007;4(6):80718.

*20 Anand P, Kunnumakkara AB, Newman RA, Aggarwal BB. Bioavailability of curcumin: problems and promises. Mol Pharm. 2007;4(6):80718.

*21 Jacobson MS. Cholesterol oxides in Indian ghee: possible cause of unexplained high risk of atherosclerosis in Indian immigrant populations. Lancet. 1987;2(8560):6568.

*22 Percival SS, Vanden Heuvel JP, Nieves CJ, Montero C, Migliaccio AJ, Meadors J. Bioavailability of herbs and spices in humans as determined by ex vivo inflammatory suppression and DNA strand breaks. J Am Coll Nutr. 2012;31(4):28894.

*23 Arjmandi BH, Khalil DA, Lucas EA, et al. Soy protein may alleviate osteoarthritis symptoms. Phytomedicine. 2004;11(78):56775.

*24 Agarwal KA, Tripathi CD, Agarwal BB, Saluja S. Efficacy of turmeric (curcumin) in pain and postoperative fatigue after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a double-blind, randomized placebocontrolled study. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(12):380510.

*25 Aggarwal BB, Yuan W, Li S, Gupta SC. Curcumin-free turmeric exhibits anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities: identification of novel components of turmeric. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2013;57(9):152942.

*26 Kim JH, Gupta SC, Park B, Yadav VR, Aggarwal BB. Turmeric (Curcuma longa) inhibits inflammatory nuclear factor (NF)-κB and NF-κB-regulated gene products and induces death receptors leading to suppressed proliferation, induced chemosensitization, and suppressed osteoclastogenesis. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2012;56(3):45465.

*27 Aggarwal BB, Yuan W, Li S, Gupta SC. Curcumin-free turmeric exhibits anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities: identification of novel components of turmeric. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2013;57(9):152942.

*28 Bengmark S, Mesa MD, Gil A. Plant-derived health: the effects of turmeric and curcuminoids. Nutr Hosp. 2009;24(3):27381.

*29 Cao J, Jia L, Zhou HM, Liu Y, Zhong LF. Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA damage induced by curcumin in human hepatoma G2 cells. Toxicol Sci. 2006;91(2):47683.

*30 Turmeric and curcumin supplements and spices. https://www.consumerlab.com/reviews/turmeric-curcumin-supplements-spice-review/turmeric/. March3, 2015 Accessed April 17, 2015.

*31 Rasyid A, Lelo A. The effect of curcumin and placebo on human gall-bladder function: an ultrasound study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1999;13(2):2459.

*32 Rasyid A, Rahman AR, Jaalam K, Lelo A. Effect of different curcumin dosages on human gall bladder. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2002;11(4):3148.

*33 Asher GN, Spelman K. Clinical utility of curcumin extract. Altern Ther Health Med. 2013;19(2):202.

*34 Goel A, Kunnumakkara AB, Aggarwal BB. Curcumin as “curecumin”: from kitchen to clinic. Biochem Pharmacol. 2008;75(4):787809.

*35 Ghosh Das S, Savage GP. Total and soluble oxalate content of some Indian spices. Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 2012;67(2):18690.

*36 Asher GN, Spelman K. Clinical utility of curcumin extract. Altern Ther Health Med. 2013;19(2):202.

*37 Poole C, Bushey B, Foster C, et al. The effects of a commercially available botanical supplement on strength, body composition, power output, and hormonal profiles in resistance-trained males. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2010;7:34.

*38 Shabbeer S, Sobolewski M, Anchoori RK, et al. Fenugreek: a naturally occurring edible spice as an anticancer agent. Cancer Biol Ther. 2009;8(3):2728.

*39 Mebazaa R, Rega B, Camel V. Analysis of human male armpit sweat after fenugreek ingestion: characterisation of odour active compounds by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and olfactometry. Food Chem. 2011;128(1):22735.

*40 Korman SH, Cohen E, Preminger A. Pseudo-maple syrup urine disease due to maternal prenatal ingestion of fenugreek. J Paediatr Child Health. 2001;37(4):4034.

*41 Marsh TL, Arriola PE. The science of salsa: antimicrobial properties of salsa components to learn scientific methodology. J Microbiol Biol Educ. 2009;10(1):38.

*42 Mauer L, El-Sohemy A. Prevalence of cilantro (Coriandrum sativum) disliking among different ethnocultural groups. Flavour. 2012;1:8.

*43 Eriksson N, Wu S, Do CB, et al. A Genetic variant near olfactory receptor genes influences cilantro preference. Flavour. 2012;1:22.

*44 Knaapila A, Hwang LD, Lysenko A, et al. Genetic analysis of chemosensory traits in human twins. Chem Senses. 2012;37(9):86981.

*45 Eriksson N, Wu S, Do CB, et al. A Genetic variant near olfactory receptor genes influences cilantro preference. Flavour. 2012;1:22.

*46 Sahib NG, Anwar F, Gilani AH, Hamid AA, Saari N, Alkharfy KM. Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.): a potential source of high-value components for functional foods and nutraceuticalsa review. Phytother Res. 2013;27(10):143956.

*47 Rajeshwari CU, Siri S, Andallu B. Antioxidant and antiarthritic potential of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) leaves. e-SPEN J. 2012;7(6):e2238.

*48 Geppetti P, Fusco BM, Marabini S, Maggi CA, Fanciullacci M, Sicuteri F. Secretion, pain and sneezing induced by the application of capsaicin to the nasal mucosa in man. Br J Pharmacol. 1988;93(3):50914.

*49 Nesbitt AD, Goadsby PJ. Cluster headache. BMJ. 2012;344:e2407.

*50 Fusco BM, Marabini S, Maggi CA, Fiore G, Geppetti P. Preventative effect of repeated nasal applications of capsaicin in cluster headache. Pain. 1994;59(3):3215.

*51 Nozu T, Kudaira M. Altered rectal sensory response induced by balloon distention in patients with functional abdominal pain syndrome. Biopsychosoc Med. 2009;3:13.

*52 Bortolotti M, Porta S. Effect of red pepper on symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome: preliminary study. Dig Dis Sci. 2011;56(11):328895.

*53 Bortolotti M, Coccia G, Grossi G. Red pepper and functional dyspepsia. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(12):9478.

*54 Hennessy S, Leonard CE, Newcomb C, Kimmel SE, Bilker WB. Cisapride and ventricular arrhythmia. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2008;66(3):37585.

*55 Mustafa T, Srivastava KC. Ginger (Zingiber officinale) in migraine headache. J Ethnopharmacol. 1990;29(3):26773.

*56 Gottlieb MS. Discovering AIDS. Epidemiology. 1998;9(4):3657.

*57 Ghofrani HA, Osterloh IH, Grimminger F. Sildenafil: from angina to erectile dysfunction to pulmonary hypertension and beyond. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006;5(8):689702.

*58 Vandenbroucke JP. In defense of case reports and case series. Ann Intern Med. 2001;134(4):3304.

*59 Maghbooli M, Golipour F, Moghimi Esfandabadi A, YousefiM. Comparison between the efficacy of ginger and sumatriptan in the ablative treatment of the common migraine. Phytother Res. 2014;28(3):4125.

*60 Desai HG, Kalro RH, Choksi AP. Effect of ginger & garlic on DNA content of gastric aspirate. Indian J Med Res. 1990;92:13941.

*61 Wasson S, Jayam VK. Coronary vasospasm and myocardial infarction induced by oral sumatriptan. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2004;27(4):198200.

*62 Laine K, Raasakka T, Mäntynen J, Saukko P. Fatal cardiac arrhythmia after oral sumatriptan. Headache. 1999;39(7):5112.

*63 Maghbooli M, Golipour F, Moghimi Esfandabadi A, YousefiM. Comparison between the efficacy of ginger and sumatriptan in the ablative treatment of the common migraine. Phytother Res. 2014;28(3):4125.

*64 Coco AS. Primary dysmenorrhea. Am Fam Physician. 1999;60(2):48996.

*65 KashefiF, Khajehei M, Tabatabaeichehr M, Alavinia M, Asili J. Comparison of the effect of ginger and zinc sulfate on primary dysmenorrhea: a placebo-controlled randomized trial. Pain Manag Nurs. 2014;15(4):82633.

*66 Rahnama P, Montazeri A, Huseini HF, Kianbakht S, Naseri M. Effect of Zingiber officinale R. rhizomes (ginger) on pain relief in primary dysmenorrhea: a placebo randomized trial. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2012;12:92.

*67 Ozgoli G, Goli M, Moattar F. Comparison of effects of ginger, mefenamic acid, and ibuprofen on pain in women with primary dysmenorrhea. J Altern Complement Med. 2009;15(2):12932.

*68 KashefiF, Khajehei M, Alavinia M, Golmakani E, Asili J. Effect of ginger (Zingiber officinale) on heavy menstrual bleeding: a placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. Phytother Res. 2015;29(1):1149.

*69 Khayat S, Kheirkhah M, Behboodi Moghadam Z, Fanaei H, Kasaeian A, Javadimehr M. Effect of treatment with ginger on the severity of premenstrual syndrome symptoms. ISRN Obstet Gynecol. 2014;2014:792708.

*70 Mowrey DB, Clayson DE. Motion sickness, ginger, and psychophysics. Lancet. 1982;1(8273):6557.

*71 Palatty PL, Haniadka R, Valder B, Arora R, Baliga MS. Ginger in the prevention of nausea and vomiting: a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2013;53(7):65969.

*72 Ding M, Leach M, Bradley H. The effectiveness and safety of ginger for pregnancy-induced nausea and vomiting: a systematic review. Women Birth. 2013;26(1):e2630.

*73 Carlsen MH, Halvorsen BL, Holte K, et al. The total antioxidant content of more than 3100 foods, beverages, spices, herbs and supplements used worldwide. Nutr J. 2010;9:3.

*74 American Thyroid Association Taskforce on Radioiodine Safety, Sisson JC, Freitas J, et al. Radiation safety in the treatment of patients with thyroid diseases by radioiodine 131I: practice recommendations of the American Thyroid Association. Thyroid. 2011;21(4):33546.

*75 Metso S, Auvinen A, Huhtala H, Salmi J, Oksala H, Jaatinen P. Increased cancer incidence after radioiodine treatment for hyperthyroidism. Cancer. 2007;109(10):19729.

*76 Arami S, Ahmadi A, Haeri SA. The radioprotective effects of Origanum vulgare extract against genotoxicity induced by (131)I in human blood lymphocyte. Cancer Biother Radiopharm. 2013;28(3):2016.

*77 Berrington D, Lall N. Anticancer activity of certain herbs and spices on the cervical epithelial carcinoma (HeLa) cell line. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012;2012:564927.

*78 Gunawardena D, Shanmugam K, Low M, et al. Determination of anti-inflammatory activities of standardised preparations of plant-and mushroom-based foods. Eur J Nutr. 2014;53(1): 33543.

*79 Al Dhaheri Y, Attoub S, Arafat K, et al. Anti-metastatic and anti-tumor growth effects of Origanum majorana on highly metastatic human breast cancer cells: inhibition of NFκB signaling and reduction of nitric oxide production. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(7):e68808.

*80 Haj-Husein I, Tukan S, Alkazaleh F. The effect of marjoram (Origanum majorana) tea on the hormonal profile of women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomised controlled pilot study. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2015; doi: 10.1111/jhn.12290.

*81 Carlsen MH, Halvorsen BL, Holte K, et al. The total antioxidant content of more than 3100 foods, beverages, spices, herbs and supplements used worldwide. Nutr J. 2010;9:3.

*82 Carlsen MH, Halvorsen BL, Holte K, et al. The total antioxidant content of more than 3100 foods, beverages, spices, herbs and supplements used worldwide. Nutr J. 2010;9:3.

*83 Baliga MS, Dsouza JJ. Amla (Emblica officinalis Gaertn), a wonder berry in the treatment and prevention of cancer. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2011;20(3):22539.

*84 Carlsen MH, Halvorsen BL, Holte K, et al. The total antioxidant content of more than 3100 foods, beverages, spices, herbs and supplements used worldwide. Nutr J. 2010;9:3.

*85 Darvin ME, Patzelt A, Knorr F, Blume-Peytavi U, Sterry W, Lademann J. One-year study on the variation of carotenoid antioxidant substances in living human skin: influence of dietary supplementation and stress factors. J Biomed Opt. 2008;13(4):044028.

*86 Mohanty P, Hamouda W, Garg R, Aljada A, Ghanim H, Dandona P. Glucose challenge stimulates reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation by leucocytes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85(8): 29703.

*87 Ghanim H, Mohanty P, Pathak R, Chaudhuri A, Sia CL, Dandona P. Orange juice or fructose intake does not induce oxidative and inflammatory response. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(6):140611.

*88 Prior RL, Gu L, Wu X, et al. Plasma antioxidant capacity changes following a meal as a measure of the ability of a food to alter in vivo antioxidant status. J Am Coll Nutr. 2007;26(2):17081.

*89 Carlsen MH, Halvorsen BL, Holte K, et al. The total antioxidant content of more than 3100 foods, beverages, spices, herbs and supplements used worldwide. Nutr J. 2010;9:3.

*90 Saper RB, Kales SN, Paquin J, et al. Heavy metal content of Ayurvedic herbal medicine products. JAMA. 2004;292(23):286873.

*91 Martena MJ, van der Wielen JC, Rietjens IM, Klerx WN, de Groot HN, Konings EJ. Monitoring of mercury, arsenic, and lead in traditional Asian herbal preparations on the Dutch market and estimation of associated risks. Food Addit Contam Part A. 2010;27(2):190205.

*92 Skulas-Ray AC, Kris-Etherton PM, Teeter DL, Chen CYO, Vanden Heuvel JP, West SG. A high antioxidant spice blend attenuates postprandial insulin and triglyceride responses and increases some plasma measures of antioxidant activity in healthy, overweight men. J Nutr. 2011;141(8):14517.

*93 Tomita LY, Roteli-Martins CM, Villa LL, Franco EL, Cardoso MA, BRINCA Study Team. Associations of dietary dark-green and deep-yellow vegetables and fruits with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: modification by smoking. Br J Nutr. 2011;105(6):92837.

*94 Gomaa EA, Gray JI, Rabie S, Lopez-Bote C, Booren AM. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in smoked food products and commercial liquid smoke flavourings. Food Addit Contam. 1993;10(5): 50321.

*95 Fritschi G, Prescott WR Jr. Morphine levels in urine subsequent to poppy seed consumption. Forensic Sci Int. 1985;27(2):1117.

*96 Hahn A, Michalak H, Begemann K, et al. Severe health impairment of a 6-week-old infant related to the ingestion of boiled poppy seeds. Clin Toxicol. 2008;46:607.

*97 Sproll C, Perz RC, Lachenmeier DW. Optimized LC/MS/MS analysis of morphine and codeine in poppy seed and evaluation of their fate during food processing as a basis for risk analysis. J Agric Food Chem. 2006;54(15):52928.

*98 European Food Safety Authority. Scientific opinion on the risks for public health related to the presence of opium alkaloids in poppy seeds. EFSA J. 2011;9(11):2405.

*99 Lachenmeier DW, Sproll C, Musshoff F. Poppy seed foods and opiate drug testingwhere are we today? Ther Drug Monit. 2010;32(1):118.

*100 Sproll C, Perz RC, Lachenmeier DW. Optimized LC/MS/MS analysis of morphine and codeine in poppy seed and evaluation of their fate during food processing as a basis for risk analysis. J Agric Food Chem. 2006;54(15):52928.

*101 Lachenmeier DW, Sproll C, Musshoff F. Poppy seed foods and opiate drug testingwhere are we today? Ther Drug Monit. 2010;32(1):118.

*102 Idle JR. Christmas gingerbread (Lebkuchen) and Christmas cheerreview of the potential role of mood elevating amphetamine-like compounds formed in vivo and in furno. Prague Med Rep. 2005;106(1):2738.

*103 Payne RB. Nutmeg intoxication. N Engl J Med. 1963;269:368.

*104 Cushny AR. Nutmeg poisoning. Proc R Soc Med. 1908;1(Ther Pharmacol Sect):3944.

*105 Williams EY, West F. The use of nutmeg as a psychotropic drug. Report of two cases. J Natl Med Assoc. 1968;60(4):28990.

*106 Williams EY, West F. The use of nutmeg as a psychotropic drug. Report of two cases. J Natl Med Assoc. 1968;60(4):28990.

*107 Scholefield JH. Nutmegan unusual overdose. Arch Emerg Med. 1986;3(2):1545.

*108 Davis PA, Yokoyama W. Cinnamon intake lowers fasting blood glucose: meta-analysis. J Med Food. 2011;14(9):8849.

*109 Solomon TPJ, Blannin AK. Effects of short-term cinnamon ingestion on in vivo glucose tolerance. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2007;9(6):895901.

*110 Solomon TPJ, Blannin AK. Changes in glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity following 2 weeks of daily cinnamon ingestion in healthy humans. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2009;105(6):96976.

*111 Fotland Tø, Paulsen JE, Sanner T, Alexander J, Husøy T. Risk assessment of coumarin using the bench mark dose (BMD) approach: children in Norway which regularly eat oatmeal porridge with cinnamon may exceed the TDI for coumarin with several folds. Food Chem Toxicol. 2012;50(34):90312.

*112 Wickenberg J, Lindstedt S, Berntorp K, Nilsson J, Hlebowicz J. Ceylon cinnamon does not affect postprandial plasma glucose or insulin in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. Br J Nutr. 2012;107(12):18459.

*113 Davis PA, Yokoyama W. Cinnamon intake lowers fasting blood glucose: meta-analysis. J Med Food. 2011;14(9):8849.


◆10 全粒穀物

*1 World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research. Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and the Prevention of Cancer: a Global Perspective. Washington, D.C.: AICR, 2007.

*2 Eat 3 or more whole-grain foods every day. http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/GettingHealthy/NutritionCenter/HealthyEating/Eat-3-or-More-Whole-Grain-Foods-Every-Day_UCM_320264_Article.jsp. Accessed April 18, 2015.

*3 Wu H, Flint AJ, Qi Q, et al. Association between dietary whole grain intake and risk of mortality: two large prospective studies in US men and women. JAMA Intern Med. 2015;175(3):37384.

*4 Tang G, Wang D, Long J, Yang F, Si L. Meta-analysis of the association between whole grain intake and coronary heart disease risk. Am J Cardiol. 2015;115(5):6259.

*5 Aune D, Norat T, Romundstad P, Vatten LJ. Whole grain and refined grain consumption and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of cohort studies. Eur J Epidemiol. 2013;28(11):84558.

*6 Cho SS, Qi L, Fahey GC, Klurfeld DM. Consumption of cereal fiber, mixtures of whole grains and bran, and whole grains and risk reduction in type 2 diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013;98(2):594619.

*7 Lim SS, Vos T, Flaxman AD, et al. A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 19902010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 2012;380(9859):222460.

*8 Lefevre M, Jonnalagadda S. Effect of whole grains on markers of subclinical inflammation. Nutr Rev. 2012;70(7):38796.

*9 Montonen J, Boeing H, Fritsche A, et al. Consumption of red meat and whole-grain bread in relation to biomarkers of obesity, inflammation, glucose metabolism and oxidative stress. Eur J Nutr. 2013;52(1):33745.

*10 Goletzke J, Buyken AE, Joslowski G, et al. Increased intake of carbohydrates from sources with a higher glycemic index and lower consumption of whole grains during puberty are prospectively associated with higher IL-6 concentrations in younger adulthood among healthy individuals. J Nutr. 2014;144(10):158693.

*11 SofiF, Ghiselli L, Cesari F, et al. Effects of short-term consumption of bread obtained by an old Italian grain variety on lipid, inflammatory, and hemorheological variables: an intervention study. J Med Food. 2010;13(3):61520.

*12 Vitaglione P, Mennella I, Ferracane R, et al. Whole-grain wheat consumption reduces inflammation in a randomized controlled trial on overweight and obese subjects with unhealthy dietary and lifestyle behaviors: role of polyphenols bound to cereal dietary fiber. Am J Clin Nutr. 2015;101(2):25161.

*13 Esposito K, Nappo F, Giugliano F, et al. Meal modulation of circulating interleukin 18 and adiponectin concentrations in healthy subjects and in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;78(6):113540.

*14 Masters RC, Liese AD, Haffner SM, Wagenknecht LE, Hanley AJ. Whole and refined grain intakes are related to inflammatory protein concentrations in human plasma. J Nutr. 2010;140(3):58794.

*15 Vitaglione P, Mennella I, Ferracane R, et al. Whole-grain wheat consumption reduces inflammation in a randomized controlled trial on overweight and obese subjects with unhealthy dietary and lifestyle behaviors: role of polyphenols bound to cereal dietary fiber. Am J Clin Nutr. 2015;101(2):25161.

*16 Qi L, van Dam RM, Liu S, Franz M, Mantzoros C, Hu FB. Whole-grain, bran, and cereal fiber intakes and markers of systemic inflammation in diabetic women. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(2):20711.

*17 SofiF, Ghiselli L, Cesari F, et al. Effects of short-term consumption of bread obtained by an old Italian grain variety on lipid, inflammatory, and hemorheological variables: an intervention study. J Med Food. 2010;13(3):61520.

*18 Esposito K, Giugliano D. Whole-grain intake cools down inflammation. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;83(6):14401.

*19 Jacobs DR Jr, Andersen LF, Blomhoff R. Whole-grain consumption is associated with a reduced risk of noncardiovascular, noncancer death attributed to inflammatory diseases in the Iowa Women’s Health Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;85(6):160614.

*20 Rubio-Tapia A, Ludvigsson JF, Brantner TL, Murray JA, Everhart JE. The prevalence of celiac disease in the United States. Am J Gastroenterol. 2012;107(10):153844.

*21 Cooper BT, Holmes GK, Ferguson R, Thompson RA, Allan RN, Cooke WT. Gluten-sensitive diarrhea without evidence of celiac disease. Gastroenterology. 1980;79(5 Pt 1):8016.

*22 Falchuk ZM. Gluten-sensitive diarrhea without enteropathy: fact or fancy? Gastroenterology. 1980;79(5 Pt 1):9535.

*23 Aziz I, Hadjivassiliou M, Sanders DS. Does gluten sensitivity in the absence of coeliac disease exist? BMJ. 2012;345:e7907.

*24 Mansueto P, Seidita A, D’Alcamo A, Carroccio A. Non-celiac gluten sensitivity: literature review. J Am Coll Nutr. 2014;33(1):3954.

*25 Genuis SJ. Sensitivity-related illness: the escalating pandemic of allergy, food intolerance and chemical sensitivity. Sci Total Environ. 2010;408(24):604761.

*26 Di Sabatino A, Corazza GR. Nonceliac gluten sensitivity: sense or sensibility? Ann Intern Med. 2012;156(4):30911.

*27 McCarter DF. Non-celiac gluten sensitivity: important diagnosis or dietary fad? Am Fam Physician. 2014;89(2):823.

*28 Ferch CC, Chey WD. Irritable bowel syndrome and gluten sensitivity without celiac disease: separating the wheat from the chaff.Gastroenterology. 2012;142(3):6646.

*29 Carroccio A, Mansueto P, Iacono G, et al. Non-celiac wheat sensitivity diagnosed by doubleblind placebo-controlled challenge: exploring a new clinical entity. Am J Gastroenterol. 2012;107(12):1898906.

*30 Carroccio A, Mansueto P, Iacono G, et al. Non-celiac wheat sensitivity diagnosed by doubleblind placebo-controlled challenge: exploring a new clinical entity. Am J Gastroenterol. 2012;107(12):1898906.

*31 Biesiekierski JR, Peters SL, Newnham ED, Rosella O, Muir JG, Gibson PR. No effects of gluten in patients with self-reported non-celiac gluten sensitivity after dietary reduction of fermentable, poorly absorbed, short-chain carbohydrates. Gastroenterology. 2013;145(2):3208.e13.

*32 Peters SL, Biesiekierski JR, Yelland GW, Muir JG, Gibson PR. Randomised clinical trial: gluten may cause depression in subjects with non-coeliac gluten sensitivityan exploratory clinical study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2014;39(10):110412.

*33 Aziz I, Hadjivassiliou M, Sanders DS. Editorial: noncoeliac gluten sensitivitya disease of the mind or gut? Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2014;40(1):1134.

*34 Picarelli A, Borghini R, Isonne C, Di Tola M. Reactivity to dietary gluten: new insights into differential diagnosis among gluten-related gastrointestinal disorders. Pol Arch Med Wewn. 2013;123(12):70812.

*35 Rubio-Tapia A, Ludvigsson JF, Brantner TL, Murray JA, Everhart JE. The prevalence of celiac disease in the United States. Am J Gastroenterol. 2012;107(10):153844.

*36 Riddle MS, Murray JA, Porter CK. The incidence and risk of celiac disease in a healthy US adult population. Am J Gastroenterol. 2012;107(8):124855.

*37 Volta U, Bardella MT, Calabrò A, Troncone R, Corazza GR. An Italian prospective multicenter survey on patients suspected of having non-celiac gluten sensitivity. BMC Med. 2014;12:85.

*38 Holmes G. Non coeliac gluten sensitivity. Gastroenterol Hepatol Bed Bench. 2013;6(3):1159.

*39 Gaesser GA, Angadi SS. Gluten-free diet: imprudent dietary advice for the general population? J Acad Nutr Diet. 2012;112(9):13303.

*40 De Palma G, Nadal I, Collado MC, Sanz Y. Effects of a gluten-free diet on gut microbiota and immune function in healthy adult human subjects. Br J Nutr. 2009;102(8):115460.

*41 Gaesser GA, Angadi SS. Gluten-free diet: imprudent dietary advice for the general population? J Acad Nutr Diet. 2012;112(9):13303.

*42 Horiguchi N, Horiguchi H, Suzuki Y. Effect of wheat gluten hydrolysate on the immune system in healthy human subjects. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2005;69(12):24459.

*43 Di Sabatino A, Corazza GR. Nonceliac gluten sensitivity: sense or sensibility? Ann Intern Med. 2012;156(4):30911.

*44 Koerner TB, Cleroux C, Poirier C, et al. Gluten contamination of naturally gluten-free flours and starches used by Canadians with celiac disease. Food Addit Contam Part A. 2013;30(12): 201721.

*45 McCarter DF. Non-celiac gluten sensitivity: important diagnosis or dietary fad? Am Fam Physician. 2014;89(2):823.

*46 Tavakkoli A, Lewis SK, Tennyson CA, Lebwohl B, Green PH. Characteristics of patients who avoid wheat and/or gluten in the absence of celiac disease. Dig Dis Sci. 2014;59(6):125561.

*47 Pietzak M. Celiac disease, wheat allergy, and gluten sensitivity: when gluten free is not a fad. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2012;36(1 Suppl):68S75S.

*48 Goufo P, Trindade H. Rice antioxidants: phenolic acids, flavonoids, anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, tocopherols, tocotrienols, γ-oryzanol, and phytic acid. Food Sci Nutr. 2014;2(2):75104.

*49 Choi SP, Kang MY, Koh HJ, Nam SH, Friedman M. Antiallergic activities of pigmented rice bran extracts in cell assays. J Food Sci. 2007;72(9):S71926.

*50 Pintha K, Yodkeeree S, Limtrakul P. Proanthocyanidin in red rice inhibits MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell invasion via the expression control of invasive proteins. Biol Pharm Bull. 2015;38(4):57181.

*51 Suttiarporn P, Chumpolsri W, Mahatheeranont S, Luangkamin S, Teepsawang S, Leardkamolkarn V. Structures of phytosterols and triterpenoids with potential anti-cancer activity in bran of black non-glutinous rice. Nutrients. 2015;7(3):167287.

*52 Egilman D, Mailloux C, Valentin C. Popcorn-worker lung caused by corporate and regulatory negligence: an avoidable tragedy. Int J Occup Environ Health. 2007;13(1):8598.

*53 Egilman DS, Schilling JH. Bronchiolitis obliterans and consumer exposure to butter-flavored micro wave popcorn: a case series. Int J Occup Environ Health. 2012;18(1):2942.

*54 Nelson K, Stojanovska L, Vasiljevic T, Mathai M. Germinated grains: a superior whole grain functional food? Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2013;91(6):42941.

*55 Hovey AL, Jones GP, Devereux HM, Walker KZ. Whole cereal and legume seeds increase faecal short chain fatty acids compared to ground seeds. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2003;12(4):47782.

*56 Stephen AM, Cummings JH. The microbial contribution to human faecal mass. J Med Microbiol. 1980;13(1):4556.

*57 Fechner A, Fenske K, Jahreis G. Effects of legume kernel fibres and citrus fibre on putative risk factors for colorectal cancer: a randomised, double-blind, crossover human intervention trial. Nutr J. 2013;12:101.

*58 Hovey AL, Jones GP, Devereux HM, Walker KZ. Whole cereal and legume seeds increase faecal short chain fatty acids compared to ground seeds. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2003;12(4):47782.

*59 Tan J, McKenzie C, Potamitis M, Thorburn AN, Mackay CR, Macia L. The role of short-chain fatty acids in health and disease. Adv Immunol. 2014;121:91119.

*60 Molteberg EL, Solheim R, Dimberg LH, Frølich W. Variation in oat groats due to variety, storage and heat treatment. II: sensory quality. J Cereal Sci. 1996;24(3):27382.

*61 Cerio R, Dohil M, Downie J, et al. Mechanism of action and clinical benefits of colloidal oatmeal for dermatologic practice. J Drugs Dermatol. 2010;9(9):111620.

*62 Boisnic S, Branchet-Gumila MC, Coutanceau C. Inhibitory effect of oatmeal extract oligomer on vasoactive intestinal peptide-induced inflammation in surviving human skin. Int J Tissue React. 2003;25(2):416.

*63 Alexandrescu DT, Vaillant JG, Dasanu CA. Effect of treatment with a colloidal oatmeal lotion on the acneform eruption induced by epidermal growth factor receptor and multiple tyrosinekinase inhibitors. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2007;32(1):714.

*64 Wild R, Fager K, Flefleh C, et al. Cetuximab preclinical antitumor activity (monotherapy and combination based) is not predicted by relative total or activated epidermal growth factor receptor tumor expression levels. Mol Cancer Ther. 2006;5(1):10413.

*65 Guo W, Nie L, Wu D, et al. Avenanthramides inhibit proliferation of human colon cancer cell lines in vitro. Nutr Cancer. 2010;62(8):100716.

*66 Clemens R, van Klinken BJW. Oats, more than just a whole grain: an introduction. Br J Nutr. 2014;112 Suppl 2:S13.

*67 Eidson M, Saenz B. Average portion sizes of pasta from Italian casual dining restaurants in Tarrant County. http://www.srs.tcu.edu/previous_posters/Nutritional_Sciences/2010/148-Eidson-Gorman.pdf. 2010. Accessed May 21, 2015.


◆11 飲料

*1 Popkin BM, Armstrong LE, Bray GM, Caballero B, Frei B, Willett WC. A new proposed guidance system for beverage consumption in the United States. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;83(3):52942.

*2 Rush EC. Water: neglected, unappreciated and under researched. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2013;67(5):4925.

*3 Rush EC. Water: neglected, unappreciated and under researched. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2013;67(5):4925.

*4 Jéquier E, Constant F. Water as an essential nutrient: the physiological basis of hydration. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2010;64(2):11523.

*5 Vivanti AP. Origins for the estimations of water requirements in adults. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2012;66(12):12829.

*6 Adolph EF. The regulation of the water content of the human organism. J Physiol (Lond). 1921;55(12):11432.

*7 Walsh NP, Fortes MB, Purslow C, Esmaeelpour M. Author response: is whole body hydration an important consideration in dry eye? Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2013;54(3):17134.

*8 Goodman AB, Blanck HM, Sherry B, Park S, Nebeling L, Yaroch AL. Behaviors and attitudes associated with low drinking water intake among US adults, Food Attitudes and Behaviors Survey, 2007. Prev Chronic Dis. 2013;10:E51.

*9 Negoianu D, Goldfarb S. Just add water. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008;19(6):10413.

*10 Michaud DS, Spiegelman D, Clinton SK, et al. Fluid intake and the risk of bladder cancer in men. N Engl J Med. 1999;340(18):13907.

*11 Chan J, Knutsen SF, Blix GG, Lee JW, Fraser GE. Water, other fluids, and fatal coronary heart disease: the Adventist Health Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2002;155(9):82733.

*12 Guest S, Essick GK, Mehrabyan A, Dessirier JM, McGlone F. Effect of hydration on the tactile and thermal sensitivity of the lip. Physiol Behav. 2014;123:12735.

*13 Benelam B, Wyness L. Hydration and health: a review. Nutr Bull. 2010;35:325.

*14 Vivanti AP. Origins for the estimations of water requirements in adults. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2012;66(12):12829.

*15 Benelam B, Wyness L. Hydration and health: a review. Nutr Bull. 2010;35:325.

*16 Killer SC, Blannin AK, Jeukendrup AE. No evidence of dehydration with moderate daily coffee intake: a counterbalanced cross-over study in a free-living population. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(1):e84154.

*17 Ruxton CH, Hart VA. Black tea is not significantly different from water in the maintenance of normal hydration in human subjects: results from a randomised controlled trial. Br J Nutr. 2011;106(4):58895.

*18 Benelam B, Wyness L. Hydration and health: a review. Nutr Bull. 2010;35:325.

*19 Saleh MA, Abdel-Rahman FH, Woodard BB, et al. Chemical, microbial and physical evaluation of commercial bottled waters in greater Houston area of Texas. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng. 2008;43(4):33547.

*20 Valtin H. “Drink at least eight glasses of water a day.” Really? Is there scientific evidence for “8 x 8”? Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2002;283(5):R9931004.

*21 Kempton MJ, Ettinger U, Foster R, et al. Dehydration affects brain structure and function in healthy adolescents. Hum Brain Mapp. 2011;32(1):719.

*22 Stookey JD, Brass B, Holliday A, Arieff A. What is the cell hydration status of healthy children in the USA? Preliminary data on urine osmolality and water intake. Public Health Nutr. 2012;15(11):214856.

*23 Edmonds CJ, Burford D. Should children drink more water?: the effects of drinking water on cognition in children. Appetite. 2009;52(3):7769.

*24 Pross N, Demazières A, Girard N, et al. influence of progressive fluid restriction on mood and physiological markers of dehydration in women. Br J Nutr. 2013;109(2):31321.

*25 Péronnet F, Mignault D, du Souich P, et al. Pharmacokinetic analysis of absorption, distribution and disappearance of ingested water labeled with D2O in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2012;112(6):221322.

*26 Bateman DN. Effects of meal temperature and volume on the emptying of liquid from the human stomach. J Physiol (Lond). 1982;331:4617.

*27 Armstrong LE, Ganio MS, Klau JF, Johnson EC, Casa DJ, Maresh CM. Novel hydration assessment techniques employing thirst and a water intake challenge in healthy men. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2014;39(2):13844.

*28 Cuomo R, Grasso R, Sarnelli G, et al. Effects of carbonated water on functional dyspepsia and constipation. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2002;14(9):9919.

*29 Freedman ND, Park Y, Abnet CC, Hollenbeck AR, Sinha R. Association of coffee drinking with total and cause-specific mortality. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(20):1891904.

*30 Liu J, Sui X, Lavie CJ, et al. Association of coffee consumption with all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality. Mayo Clin Proc. 2013;88(10):106674.

*31 O’Keefe JH, Bhatti SK, Patil HR, DiNicolantonio JJ, Lucan SC, Lavie CJ. Effects of habitual coffee consumption on cardiometabolic disease, cardiovascular health, and all-cause mortality. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62(12):104351.

*32 Malerba S, Turati F, Galeone C, et al. A meta-analysis of prospective studies of coffee consumption and mortality for all causes, cancers and cardiovascular diseases. Eur J Epidemiol. 2013;28(7):52739.

*33 Shimamoto T, Yamamichi N, Kodashima S, et al. No association of coffee consumption with gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer, reflux esophagitis, and non-erosive reflux disease: a crosssectional study of 8,013 healthy subjects in Japan. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(6):e65996.

*34 Wendl B, Pfeiffer A, Pehl C, Schmidt T, Kaess H. Effect of decaffeination of coffee or tea on gastro-oesophageal reflux. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1994;8(3):2837.

*35 Lee DR, Lee J, Rota M, et al. Coffee consumption and risk of fractures: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Bone. 2014;63:208.

*36 Sheng J, Qu X, Zhang X, et al. Coffee, tea, and the risk of hip fracture: a meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int. 2014;25(1):14150.

*37 Chen B, Shi HF, Wu SC. Tea consumption didn’t modify the risk of fracture: a dose-response meta-analysis of observational studies. Diagn Pathol. 2014;9:44.

*38 Nazrun AS, Tzar MN, Mokhtar SA, Mohamed IN. A systematic review of the outcomes of osteoporotic fracture patients after hospital discharge: morbidity, subsequent fractures, and mortality. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2014;10:93748.

*39 Li M, Wang M, Guo W, Wang J, Sun X. The effect of caffeine on intraocular pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2011;249(3):43542.

*40 Kang JH, Willett WC, Rosner BA, Hankinson SE, Pasquale LR. Caffeine consumption and the risk of primary open-angle glaucoma: a prospective cohort study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2008;49(5):192431.

*41 Gleason JL, Richter HE, Redden DT, Goode PS, Burgio KL, Markland AD. Caffeine and urinary incontinence in US women. Int Urogynecol J. 2013;24(2):295302.

*42 Davis NJ, Vaughan CP, Johnson TM, et al. Caffeine intake and its association with urinary incontinence in United States men: results from National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 20052006 and 20072008. J Urol. 2013;189(6):21704.

*43 Bonilha L, Li LM. Heavy coffee drinking and epilepsy. Seizure. 2004;13(4):2845.

*44 Lloret-Linares C, Lafuente-Lafuente C, Chassany O, et al. Does a single cup of coffee at dinner alter the sleep? A controlled cross-over randomised trial in real-life conditions. Nutrition & Dietetics. 2012;69(4):2505.

*45 Urgert R, Katan MB. The cholesterol-raising factor from coffee beans. Annu Rev Nutr. 1997;17:30524.

*46 Corrêa TAF, Rogero MM, Mioto BM, et al. Paper-filtered coffee increases cholesterol and inflammation biomarkers independent of roasting degree: a clinical trial. Nutrition. 2013;29(78):97781.

*47 Bhave PD, Hoffmayer K. Caffeine and atrial fibrillation: friends or foes? Heart. 2013;99(19):13778.

*48 Patanè S, Marte F, La Rosa FC, La Rocca R. Atrial fibrillation associated with chocolate intake abuse and chronic salbutamol inhalation abuse. Int J Cardiol. 2010;145(2):e746.

*49 Caldeira D, Martins C, Alves LB, Pereira H, Ferreira JJ, Costa J. Caffeine does not increase the risk of atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Heart. 2013;99(19):13839.

*50 Cheng M, Hu Z, Lu X, Huang J, Gu D. Caffeine intake and atrial fibrillation incidence: dose response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Can J Cardiol. 2014;30(4):44854.

*51 Glade MJ. Caffeinenot just a stimulant. Nutrition. 2010;26(10):9328.

*52 Bhave PD, Hoffmayer K. Caffeine and atrial fibrillation: friends or foes? Heart. 2013;99(19):13778.

*53 Sepkowitz KA. Energy drinks and caffeine-related adverse effects. JAMA. 2013;309(3):2434.

*54 O’Keefe JH, Bhatti SK, Patil HR, DiNicolantonio JJ, Lucan SC, Lavie CJ. Effects of habitual coffee consumption on cardiometabolic disease, cardiovascular health, and all-cause mortality. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62(12):104351.

*55 Yu X, Bao Z, Zou J, Dong J. Coffee consumption and risk of cancers: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. BMC Cancer. 2011;11:96.

*56 Tzellos TG, Sardeli C, Lallas A, Papazisis G, Chourdakis M, Kouvelas D. Efficacy, safety and tolerability of green tea catechins in the treatment of external anogenital warts: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2011;25(3):34553.

*57 Dunne EF, Friedman A, Datta SD, Markowitz LE, Workowski KA. Updates on human papillomavirus and genital warts and counseling messages from the 2010 Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;53 Suppl 3:S14352.

*58 Tjeerdsma F, Jonkman MF, Spoo JR. Temporary arrest of basal cell carcinoma formation in a patient with basal cell naevus syndrome (BCNS) since treatment with a gel containing various plant extracts. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2011;25(2):2445.

*59 Trudel D, Labbé DP, Bairati I, Fradet V, Bazinet L, Têtu B. Green tea for ovarian cancer prevention and treatment: a systematic review of the in vitro, in vivo and epidemiological studies. Gynecol Oncol. 2012;126(3):4918.

*60 Butler LM, Wu AH. Green and black tea in relation to gynecologic cancers. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2011;55(6):93140.

*61 Onakpoya I, Spencer E, Heneghan C, Thompson M. The effect of green tea on blood pressure and lipid profile: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2014;24(8):82336.

*62 Liu G, Mi XN, Zheng XX, Xu YL, Lu J, Huang XH. Effects of tea intake on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Br J Nutr. 2014;112(7):104354.

*63 Maruyama K, Iso H, Sasaki S, Fukino Y. The association between concentrations of green tea and blood glucose levels. J Clin Biochem Nutr. 2009;44(1):415.

*64 Maki KC, Reeves MS, Farmer M, et al. Green tea catechin consumption enhances exerciseinduced abdominal fat loss in overweight and obese adults. J Nutr. 2009;139(2):26470.

*65 Arab L, Khan F, Lam H. Epidemiologic evidence of a relationship between tea, coffee, or caffeine consumption and cognitive decline. Adv Nutr. 2013;4(1):11522.

*66 Arab L, Liu W, Elashoff D. Green and black tea consumption and risk of stroke: a metaanalysis. Stroke. 2009;40(5):178692.

*67 Yang WS, Wang WY, Fan WY, Deng Q, Wang X. Tea consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: a dose-response meta-analysis of cohort studies. Br J Nutr. 2014;111(8):132939.

*68 Koyama Y, Kuriyama S, Aida J, et al. Association between green tea consumption and tooth loss: cross-sectional results from the Ohsaki Cohort 2006 Study. Prev Med. 2010;50(4):1739.

*69 Watanabe I, Kuriyama S, Kakizaki M, et al. Green tea and death from pneumonia in Japan: the Ohsaki cohort study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;90(3):6729.

*70 Maeda-Yamamoto M, Ema K, Monobe M, et al. The efficacy of early treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis with benifuuki green tea containing O-methylated catechin before pollen exposure: an open randomized study. Allergol Int. 2009;58(3):43744.

*71 Masuda S, Maeda-Yamamoto M, Usui S, Fujisawa T. ‘Benifuuki’ green tea containing Omethylated catechin reduces symptoms of Japanese cedar pollinosis: a randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled trial. Allergol Int. 2014;63(2):2117.

*72 Millet D. The origins of EEG. Seventh Annual Meeting of the International Society for the History of the Neurosciences (ISHN). June 3, 2002. http://www.bri.ucla.edu/nha/ishn/ab24-2002.htm. Accessed April 21, 2015.

*73 Nobre AC, Rao A, Owen GN. L-theanine, a natural constituent in tea, and its effect on mental state. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2008;17 Suppl 1:1678.

*74 Wang ZM, Zhou B, Wang YS, et al. Black and green tea consumption and the risk of coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;93(3):50615.

*75 Rusak G, Komes D, Likić S, Horžić D, Kovač M. Phenolic content and antioxidative capacity of green and white tea extracts depending on extraction conditions and the solvent used. Food Chem. 2008;110(4):8528.

*76 Green RJ, Murphy AS, Schulz B, Watkins BA, Ferruzzi MG. Common tea formulations modulate in vitro digestive recovery of green tea catechins. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2007;51(9):115262.

*77 Santana-Rios G, Orner GA, Amantana A, Provost C, Wu SY, Dashwood RH. Potent antimutagenic activity of white tea in comparison with green tea in the Salmonella assay. Mutat Res. 2001;495(12):6174.

*78 Yang DJ, Hwang LS, Lin JT. Effects of different steeping methods and storage on caffeine, catechins and gallic acid in bag tea infusions. J Chromatogr A. 2007;1156(12):31220.

*79 Venditti E, Bacchetti T, Tiano L, Carloni P, Greci L, Damiani E. Hot vs. cold water steeping of different teas: do they affect antioxidant activity? Food Chem. 2010;119(4):15971604.

*80 Patel SS, Beer S, Kearney DL, Phillips G, Carter BA. Green tea extract: a potential cause of acute liver failure. World J Gastroenterol. 2013;19(31):51747.

*81 Kole AS, Jones HD, Christensen R, Gladstein J. A case of kombucha tea toxicity. J Intensive Care Med. 2009;24(3):2057.

*82 Goenka P, Sarawgi A, Karun V, Nigam AG, Dutta S, Marwah N. Camellia sinensis (tea): implications and role in preventing dental decay. Pharmacogn Rev. 2013;7(14):1526.

*83 Kakumanu N, Rao SD. Images in clinical medicine. Skeletal fluorosis due to excessive tea drinking. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(12):1140.

*84 Malinowska E, Inkielewicz I, Czarnowski W, Szefer P. Assessment of fluoride concentration and daily intake by human from tea and herbal infusions. Food Chem Toxicol. 2008;46(3):105561.

*85 Malinowska E, Inkielewicz I, Czarnowski W, Szefer P. Assessment of fluoride concentration and daily intake by human from tea and herbal infusions. Food Chem Toxicol. 2008;46(3):105561.

*86 Quock RL, Gao JX, Chan JT. Tea fluoride concentration and the pediatric patient. Food Chem. 2012;130:6157.

*87 Phillips KM, Carlsen MH, Blomhoff R. Total antioxidant content of alternatives to refined sugar. J Am Diet Assoc. 2009;109(1):6471.

*88 Matsui M, Matsui K, Kawasaki Y, et al. Evaluation of the genotoxicity of stevioside and steviol using six in vitro and one in vivo mutagenicity assays. Mutagenesis. 1996;11(6):5739.

*89 Koyama E, Kitazawa K, Ohori Y, et al. In vitro metabolism of the glycosidic sweeteners, stevia mixture and enzymatically modified stevia in human intestinal microflora. Food Chem Toxicol. 2003;41(3):35974.

*90 Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. Evaluation of certain food additives. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 2009;(952):1208.

*91 Gold J. Erythritol may reduce dental caries in high-risk school children. J Evid Based Dent Pract. 2014;14(4):1857.

*92 Ciappuccini R, Ansemant T, Maillefert JF, Tavernier C, Ornetti P. Aspartame-induced fibromyalgia, an unusual but curable cause of chronic pain. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2010;28(6 Suppl 63):S1313.

*93 Halldorsson TI, Strøm M, Petersen SB, Olsen SF. Intake of artificially sweetened soft drinks and risk of preterm delivery: a prospective cohort study in 59,334 Danish pregnant women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;92(3):62633.

*94 Jacob SE, Stechschulte S. Formaldehyde, aspartame, and migraines: a possible connection. Dermatitis. 2008;19(3):E101.

*95 Roberts HJ. Overlooked aspartame-induced hypertension. South Med J. 2008;101(9):969.

*96 Roberts HJ. Perspective on aspartame-induced pseudotumor cerebri. South Med J. 2009;102(8):873.

*97 Roberts HJ. Aspartame-induced thrombocytopenia. South Med J. 2007;100(5):543.

*98 Den Hartog GJM, Boots AW, Adam-Perrot A, et al. Erythritol is a sweet antioxidant. Nutrition. 2010;26(4):44958.

*99 Carlsen MH, Halvorsen BL, Holte K, et al. The total antioxidant content of more than 3100 foods, beverages, spices, herbs and supplements used worldwide. Nutr J. 2010;9:3.

*100 Chu CH, Pang KKL, Lo ECM. Dietary behavior and knowledge of dental erosion among Chinese adults. BMC Oral Health. 2010;10:13.

*101 Attin T, Siegel S, Buchalla W, Lennon AM, Hannig C, Becker K. Brushing abrasion of softened and remineralised dentin: an in situ study. Caries Res. 2004;38(1):626.

*102 Bassiouny MA, Yang J. influence of drinking patterns of carbonated beverages on dental erosion. Gen Dent. 2005;53(3):20510.

*103 Yang Q. Gain weight by “going diet?” Artificial sweeteners and the neurobiology of sugar cravings: Neuroscience 2010. Yale J Biol Med. 2010;83(2):1018.

*104 Porikos KP, Booth G, Van Itallie TB. Effect of covert nutritive dilution on the spontaneous food intake of obese individuals: a pilot study. Am J Clin Nutr. 1977;30(10):163844.

*105 Mattes R. Effects of aspartame and sucrose on hunger and energy intake in humans. Physiol Behav. 1990;47(6):103744.

*106 Yang Q. Gain weight by “going diet?” Artificial sweeteners and the neurobiology of sugar cravings: Neuroscience 2010. Yale J Biol Med. 2010;83(2):1018.

*107 Yang Q. Gain weight by “going diet?” Artificial sweeteners and the neurobiology of sugar cravings: Neuroscience 2010. Yale J Biol Med. 2010;83(2):1018.


◆12 運動

*1 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Obesity and overweight. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/obesity-overweight.htm. April 29, 2015. Accessed May 17, 2015.

*2 Laskowski ER. The role of exercise in the treatment of obesity. PMR. 2012;4(11):8404.

*3 Olshansky SJ, Passaro DJ, Hershow RC, et al. A potential decline in life expectancy in the United States in the 21st century. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(11):113845.

*4 Freedhoff Y, Hébert PC. Partnerships between health organizations and the food industry risk derailing public health nutrition. CMAJ. 2011;183(3):2912.

*5 Westerterp KR, Speakman JR. Physical activity energy expenditure has not declined since the 1980s and matches energy expenditures of wild mammals. Int J Obes (Lond). 2008;32(8):125663.

*6 Dwyer-Lindgren L, Freedman G, Engell RE, et al. Prevalence of physical activity and obesity in US counties, 20012011: a road map for action. Popul Health Metr. 2013;11:7.

*7 Laskowski ER. The role of exercise in the treatment of obesity. PMR. 2012;4(11):8404.

*8 Swinburn B, Sacks G, Ravussin E. Increased food energy supply is more than sufficient to explain the US epidemic of obesity. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;90(6):14536.

*9 Matthews J, International Food Information Council Foundation. Food & Health Survey: Consumer Attitudes Toward Food Safety, Nutrition & Health. http://www.foodinsight.org/2011_Food_Health_Survey_Consumer_Attitudes_Toward_Food_Safety_Nutrition_Health. August 31, 2011. Accessed March 31, 2015.

*10 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. 2014. USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 27. Chicken, broilers or fryers, leg, meat only, cooked, stewed. http://www.ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/882. Accessed April 23, 2015.

*11 Archer E, Hand GA, Blair SN. Correction: Validity of U.S. Nutritional Surveillance: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Caloric Energy Intake Data, 19712010. http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/annotation/c313df3a-52bd-4cbe-af14-6676480d1a43. October 11, 2013. Accessed April 23, 2015.

*12 Blair SN. Physical inactivity: the biggest public health problem of the 21st century. Br J Sports Med. 2009;43(1):12.

*13 Murray CJ, Atkinson C, Bhalla K, et al. The state of US health, 19902010: burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors. JAMA. 2013;310(6):591608.

*14 Lim SS, Vos T, Flaxman AD, et al. A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 19902010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 2012;380(9859):222460.

*15 Murray CJ, Atkinson C, Bhalla K, et al. The state of US health, 19902010: burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors. JAMA. 2013;310(6):591608.

*16 Wang YC, McPherson K, Marsh T, Gortmaker SL, Brown M. Health and economic burden of the projected obesity trends in the USA and the UK. Lancet. 2011;378(9793):81525.

*17 Dunstan DW, Barr ELM, Healy GN, et al. Television viewing time and mortality: the Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle Study (AusDiab). Circulation. 2010;121(3):38491.

*18 Stamatakis E, Hamer M, Dunstan DW. Screen-based entertainment time, all-cause mortality, and cardiovascular events: population-based study with ongoing mortality and hospital events follow-up. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;57(3):2929.

*19 Chaput JP, Klingenberg L, Sjödin A. Do all sedentary activities lead to weight gain: sleep does not. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2010;13(6):6017.

*20 Patel AV, Bernstein L, Deka A, et al. Leisure time spent sitting in relation to total mortality in a prospective cohort of US adults. Am J Epidemiol. 2010;172(4):41929.

*21 Van Uffelen JG, Wong J, Chau JY, et al. Occupational sitting and health risks: a systematic review. Am J Prev Med. 2010;39(4):37988.

*22 Patel AV, Bernstein L, Deka A, et al. Leisure time spent sitting in relation to total mortality in a prospective cohort of US adults. Am J Epidemiol. 2010;172(4):41929.

*23 Mosley M. Calorie burner: how much better is standing up than sitting? BBC News Magazine. October 16, 2013. http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-24532996. Accessed March 31, 2015.

*24 Thosar SS, Johnson BD, Johnston JD, Wallace JP. Sitting and endothelial dysfunction: the role of shear stress. Med Sci Monit. 2012;18(12):RA17380.

*25 Koepp GA, Manohar CU, McCrady-Spitzer SK, et al. Treadmill desks: a 1-year prospective trial. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2013;21(4):70511.

*26 Healy GN, Dunstan DW, Salmon J, et al. Breaks in sedentary time: beneficial associations with metabolic risk. Diabetes Care. 2008;31(4):6616.

*27 Peddie MC, Bone JL, Rehrer NJ, Skeaff CM, Gray AR, Perry TL. Breaking prolonged sitting reduces postprandial glycemia in healthy, normal-weight adults: a randomized crossover trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013;98(2):35866.

*28 Esen AM, Barutcu I, Acar M, et al. Effect of smoking on endothelial function and wall thickness of brachial artery. Circ J. 2004;68(12):11236.

*29 Alexopoulos N, Vlachopoulos C, Aznaouridis K, et al. The acute effect of green tea consumption on endothelial function in healthy individuals. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2008;15(3):3005.

*30 Akazawa N, Choi Y, Miyaki A, et al. Curcumin ingestion and exercise training improve vascular endothelial function in postmenopausal women. Nutr Res. 2012;32(10):7959.

*31 Sugawara J, Akazawa N, Miyaki A, et al. Effect of endurance exercise training and curcumin intake on central arterial hemodynamics in postmenopausal women: pilot study. Am J Hypertens. 2012;25(6):6516.

*32 McHugh M. The health benefits of cherries and potential applications in sports. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2011;21(5):6156.

*33 Aptekmann NP, Cesar TB. Orange juice improved lipid profile and blood lactate of overweight middle-aged women subjected to aerobic training. Maturitas. 2010;67(4):3437.

*34 McAnulty LS, Nieman DC, Dumke CL, et al. Effect of blueberry ingestion on natural killer cell counts, oxidative stress, and inflammation prior to and after 2.5 h of running. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2011;36(6):97684.

*35 Connolly DA, McHugh MP, Padilla-Zakour OI, Carlson L, Sayers SP. Efficacy of a tart cherry juice blend in preventing the symptoms of muscle damage. Br J Sports Med. 2006;40(8):67983.

*36 Kuehl KS, Perrier ET, Elliot DL, Chesnutt JC. Efficacy of tart cherry juice in reducing muscle pain during running: a randomized controlled trial. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2010;7:17.

*37 Howatson G, McHugh MP, Hill JA, et al. influence of tart cherry juice on indices of recovery following marathon running. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2010;20(6):84352.

*38 Tarazona-Díaz MP, Alacid F, Carrasco M, Martínez I, Aguayo E. Watermelon juice: potential functional drink for sore muscle relief in athletes. J Agric Food Chem. 2013;61(31):75228.

*39 Mastaloudis A, Yu TW, O’Donnell RP, Frei B, Dashwood RH, Traber MG. Endurance exercise results in DNA damage as detected by the comet assay. Free Radic Biol Med. 2004;36(8):96675.

*40 Tsai K, Hsu TG, Hsu KM, et al. Oxidative DNA damage in human peripheral leukocytes induced by massive aerobic exercise. Free Radic Biol Med. 2001;31(11):146572.

*41 Fogarty MC, Hughes CM, Burke G, et al. Exercise-induced lipid peroxidation: Implications for deoxyribonucleic acid damage and systemic free radical generation. Environ Mol Mutagen. 2011;52(1):3542.

*42 Childs A, Jacobs C, Kaminski T, Halliwell B, Leeuwenburgh C. Supplementation with vitamin C and N-acetyl-cysteine increases oxidative stress in humans after an acute muscle injury induced by eccentric exercise. Free Radic Biol Med. 2001;31(6):74553.

*43 Fogarty MC, Hughes CM, Burke G, Brown JC, Davison GW. Acute and chronic watercress supplementation attenuates exercise-induced peripheral mononuclear cell DNA damage and lipid peroxidation. Br J Nutr. 2013;109(2):293301.

*44 Trapp D, Knez W, Sinclair W. Could a vegetarian diet reduce exercise-induced oxidative stress? A review of the literature. J Sports Sci. 2010;28(12):12618.

*45 U.S. Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. http://www.health.gov/paguidelines/pdf/paguide.pdf. Accessed April 22, 2015.

*46 U.S. Surgeon General. Physical activity and healtha report of the Surgeon General. http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/sgr/pdf/sgrfull.pdf. November 17, 1999. Accessed April 22, 2015.

*47 Pate RR, Pratt M, Blair SN, et al. Physical activity and public health. A recommendation from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American College of Sports Medicine. JAMA. 1995;273(5):4027.

*48 U.S. Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. http://www.health.gov/paguidelines/pdf/paguide.pdf. Accessed April 22, 2015.

*49 Samitz G, Egger M, Zwahlen M. Domains of physical activity and all-cause mortality: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of cohort studies. Int J Epidemiol. 2011;40(5):1382400.

*50 Woodcock J, Franco OH, Orsini N, Roberts I. Non-vigorous physical activity and all-cause mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Int J Epidemiol. 2011;40(1):12138.

*51 Samitz G, Egger M, Zwahlen M. Domains of physical activity and all-cause mortality: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of cohort studies. Int J Epidemiol. 2011;40(5):1382400.

*52 Samitz G, Egger M, Zwahlen M. Domains of physical activity and all-cause mortality: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of cohort studies. Int J Epidemiol. 2011;40(5):1382400.

*53 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Adult participation in aerobic and musclestrengthening physical activitiesUnited States, 2011. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2013;62(17): 32630.


◎Conclusion

*1 Shimizu N, Iwamoto M, Nakano Y, et al. Long-term electrocardiographic follow-up from childhood of an adult patient with Brugada syndrome associated with sick sinus syndrome. Circ J. 2009;73(3):5759.

*2 Lacunza J, San Román I, Moreno S, García-Molina E, Gimeno J, Valdés M. Heat stroke, an unusual trigger of Brugada electrocardiogram. Am J Emerg Med. 2009;27(5):634.e13.

*3 Smith J, Hannah A, Birnie DH. Effect of temperature on the Brugada ECG. Heart. 2003;89(3):272.

*4 Dillehay TD, Rossen J, Ugent D, et al. Early Holocene coca chewing in northern Peru. Antiquity. 2010;84(326):93953.

*5 Iozzo P, Guiducci L, Guzzardi MA, Pagotto U. Brain PET imaging in obesity and food addiction: current evidence and hypothesis. Obes Facts. 2012;5(2):15564.

*6 Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Fowler JS, Tomasi D, Baler R. Food and drug reward: overlapping circuits in human obesity and addiction. Curr Top Behav Neurosci. 2012;11:124.

*7 Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Tomasi D, Baler RD. Obesity and addiction: neurobiological overlaps. Obes Rev. 2013;14(1):218.

*8 Frank S, Linder K, Kullmann S, et al. Fat intake modulates cerebral blood flow in homeostatic and gustatory brain areas in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012;95(6):13429.

*9 Smeets PA, de Graaf C, Stafleu A, van Osch MJ, van der Grond J. Functional MRI of human hypothalamic responses following glucose ingestion. Neuroimage. 2005;24(2):3638.

*10 Burger KS, Stice E. Frequent ice cream consumption is associated with reduced striatal response to receipt of an ice creambased milkshake. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012;95(4):8107.

*11 Burger KS, Stice E. Frequent ice cream consumption is associated with reduced striatal response to receipt of an ice creambased milkshake. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012;95(4):8107.

*12 Albayrak Ö, Wölfle SM, Hebebrand J. Does food addiction exist? A phenomenological discussion based on the psychiatric classification of substance-related disorders and addiction. Obes Facts. 2012;5(2):16579.

*13 Lisle DJ, Goldhamer A. The Plea sure Trap: Mastering the Hidden Force That Undermines Health & Happiness. Summertown, TN: Book Publishing Company; 2007.

*14 Grosshans M, Loeber S, Kiefer F. Implications from addiction research toward the understanding and treatment of obesity. Addict Biol. 2011;16(2):18998.

*15 Drewnowski A, Krahn DD, Demitrack MA, Nairn K, Gosnell BA. Taste responses and preferences for sweet high-fat foods: evidence for opioid involvement. Physiol Behav. 1992;51(2):3719.

*16 Wang GJ, Volkow ND, Thanos PK, Fowler JS. Imaging of brain dopamine pathways: implications for understanding obesity. J Addict Med. 2009;3(1):818.

*17 Garavan H, Pankiewicz J, Bloom A, et al. Cue-induced cocaine craving: neuroanatomical specificity for drug users and drug stimuli. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157(11):178998.

*18 Martin-Sölch C, Magyar S, Künig G, Missimer J, Schultz W, Leenders KL. Changes in brain activation associated with reward processing in smokers and nonsmokers. A positron emission tomography study. Exp Brain Res. 2001;139(3):27886.

*19 Kelly J. Heal thyself. University of Chicago Magazine. Jan-Feb 2015. http://mag.uchicago.edu/science-medicine/heal-thyself. Accessed March 31, 2015.


※WEBサイトへのリンクは2017年7月31日現在。